Human Rights in Islam Individual’s Rights of Freedom

Introduction In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful. And those who follow the Messenger, the unlettered Prophet, whom they find mentioned in the Torah and the Gospel, bidding them to do what is right and forbidding them what is wrong, making lawful for them the good (things), and forbidding for them the corrupt (things) and relieving them of their burdens, and the fetters that were upon them. Those who believe in him and honor him, and help him and follow the light while has been sent down with him - those are they the successful. Holy Qur an (7:157) Submission to the will and laws of Allah is the source of all freedom. It liberates the mind, soul, and behavior from the evil influences of the world. It helps†¦show more content†¦Without free will and its adherent responsibility and commitment there could be neither reward nor punishment. And stop them, for they shall be questioned. Holy Qur an (37:24) And We have made every man s actions to cling to his neck, and We will bring forth to him on the Resurrection Day a book which he will find wide open. Read your book; your own self is sufficient as a reckoner against you this Day. Holy Qur an (17:13-14) Because Islam insists that man has free will because that is the way that Allah created him. It allows him to express this freedom and to practise it within the limits of commitment and responsibility and self control. Man has an obligation to choose the path of righteousness, and to safeguard his freedom and that of others. Because Islam grants free will, it is expected that man will use it to further his knowledge in all areas which help in the improvement of the human lot on this earth. Otherwise, freedom may become a tool of destruction, annihilation and doctrinal deviation. Man is urged, by Islam, to consider the physical and spiritual welfare of others in all his endeavors. This prevents freedom from being turned into a dictatorship, exploiting other s inalienable rights to share in nature s natural resources. Political freedom in Islam is a means of leading mankind to justice, goodness and peace. It guarantees and protectsShow MoreRelatedThe Does Not Obstruct The Freedom Of Human Rights?778 Words   |  4 PagesMoreover, democratic rights and freedom for individuals are part of modern law; rulings such as sadd al-dharai could be presumed that these rights would be impeded upon. Shari’ah does not obstruct the freedom of humans right to life; it sets guidelines for a moral and ethical life (Ozalp, 2012). Shari’ah should be conceived as protection of human rights. Law has a purpose and its core entity of law is to serve justice (Rohe, 2014). Law no matter where in the world it is applied, tries to sustainRead MoreHow They Got Here: The History of Saudi Women1551 Words   |  7 Pagesis often viewed homogeneously as a wasteland for women’s rights, and although some regions are making strides towards equality, others seem to be left in the Dark Ages. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, founded in 1932, is often noted as one of the most oppressive countries in this region in the name of women’s equality. It can be seen, however, that the ideology of this region has predated the founding of the country and even the birth of Islam. The cultural norms of the Arabian Peninsula, Islamic faithRead MoreThe Nature Of Inner Peace1077 Words   |  5 Pagesor war but encompasses a larger concept whereby inner peace is attained. Peace begins with individual awareness and personal response to the teachings of the religious traditions. 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These plans are against the idea of the American standard of coming to America to better the individual’s life, just like our descendants who came from other countriesRead More Universally Accepted Declaration of Human Rights Essay example2488 Words   |  10 Pages nbsp;nbs p;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) proclaims that the rights discussed in the document are quot;a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations.quot; This document, along with the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) as well as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), are meant to be global agreements that span all cultures and traditions. These documents howeverRead MoreComparing similarities and differences between Medieval Europe, China and Islamic countries.1489 Words   |  6 Pagesserf was bound to the land. Life for a serf was not much better than the life of a slave. The only difference was that a serf could not be sold to another manor. Generally, the ideal roles of each person in society were outlined and it was the individuals duty to fulfill these obligations accordingly. As a result, these ideas contributed to the way society acted because their beliefs and ways of thinking were based on these various factors. Maintaining order and loyalty as well as respecting others

Indi A World Leader - 846 Words

Conclusions As examined above, the KPO industry in India is a booming and expected to grow 45% in size by 2010.India is currently the most popular destination in the world for KPOs. In KPO, India has been expected to be a world leader. The contribution of KPO will be significant in terms of revenue generation and employment. India is already established itself as a world leader in IT. If it desires to keep its position, it is necessary to take the problems seriously faced by this industry, else newer and fresh destinations such as China, Philippines, Indonesia and Eastern Europe might catch up and could even beat us. KPO will help India a long way in becoming a global superpower and for that the Government and companies in this sector work†¦show more content†¦Care should be taken so that these advantages should not get truncated. Since other countries may try to expand in global KPO market and also develop their skills which could abrade our advantage. But, if the above discussed chall enges are addressed in the proper manner, India will undeniably retain its supremacy and emerge as a world leader in KPO. References (1). Agarwal, R., Nisa, S. (2009). Knowledge process Outsourcing: India’s emergence as a global leader. Asian Social Science, 5(1), 82–92. doi:10.5539/ass. v5n1p82 (2). Aleman, E. (2015). A literature review on knowledge process Outsourcing (KPO). SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2490262 (3). Alexander Mierau â€Å"Strategic Importance of KPO† -2007. (4). Annual Report 2010-11, Department of Information Technology, GOI. (www.mit.gov.in) (5). A, T. Kearney. (2007). A T Kearney’s 2004 Offshore Location Attractiveness Index, Making Offshore decisions, ATKearney.pdf. (6). Bhattacharya, S (2005). Challenges for Indian Companies in the Financial Services KPO Business, (7). Dash, S. Agarwal, R. (2005). Determining India’s Edge in IT Outsourcing: A Cross Country Analysis of Comparative Advantage in IT, in Upadhay V.ed. et.al (2005) Productivity and Quality Research, Tata Mcgraw Hill, New Delhi. (8). Evalueserve (2004). The next big business opportunity, Moving up the value chain- form BPO to KPO, Business Research, July 13, www.evalueserve.com. (9). Evalueserve (2005). Knowledge Process Outsourcing – AShow MoreRelatedCase Study : The Inc.979 Words   |  4 Pagescompletely different approach in its expansion across the Asian continent and subcontinent. Amazon currently has about 25 distribution centers established across key Asian Markets, including 13 in China, 11 in Japan, and one in Mumbai, the largest city in Indi. Together those fulfillment centers occupy more than 6.7 million square feet of space, according to MWPVL, a global supply chain, and logistics consulting firm.(Forbes). 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dasfasdf Essay Example For Students

dasfasdf Essay increased global interaction and improvedrom the 1950s to the 1970s,and Soviet Union took theirThis space race also led cooperation. Pictures of the earth fromreminded people that all nationsIn the 1970s, the spacecooperative. In 1975, U.S. anddocked, or joined together, in space. American and Soviet space missionsfrom other countries. In theastronauts began to take the spaceRussian space station called Mir. Some space missions did notmembers. Unmanned flightsand information about otherUnited States and EuropeanHubble Space Telescope into orbitThis satellite has sent backobjects in space. Other satellites are owned byThey are used every day toEarth or to search for mineralsSatellites allow televisionevents live around the world. Another advance in technologycomputer. These machines havein power since they wereConsumer goods such as microwave telephones,and cars often includethem running. Millions ofuse personal computersincreased global interaction and improvedrom the 1950s to the 1970s,and Soviet Union took theirThis space race also led cooperation. Pictures of the earth fromreminded people that all nationsIn the 1970s, the spacecooperative. In 1975, U.S. anddocked, or joined together, in space. American and Soviet space missionsfrom other countries. In theastronauts began to take the spaceRussian space station called Mir. Some space missions did notmembers. Unmanned flightsand information about otherUnited States and EuropeanHubble Space Telescope into orbitThis satellite has sent backobjects in space. Other satellites are owned byThey are used every day toEarth or to search for mineralsSatellites allow televisionevents live around the world. Another advance in technologycomputer. These machines havein power since they wereConsumer goods such as microwave telephones,and cars often includethem running. 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Millions ofuse personal computersincreased global interaction and improvedrom the 1950s to the 1970s,and Soviet Union took theirThis space race also led cooperation. .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026 , .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026 .postImageUrl , .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026 , .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026:hover , .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026:visited , .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026:active { border:0!important; } .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026:active , .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026 .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u24ab63692cc8c08b85b84d3b46677026:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How to attract girls EssayPictures of the earth fromreminded people that all nationsIn the 1970s, the spacecooperative. In 1975, U.S. anddocked, or joined together, in space. American and Soviet space missionsfrom other countries. In theastronauts began to take the spaceRussian space station called Mir. Some space missions did notmembers. Unmanned flightsand information about otherUnited States and EuropeanHubble Space Telescope into orbitThis satellite has sent backobjects in space. Other satellites are owned byThey are used every day toEarth or to search for mineralsSatellites allow televisionevents live around the world. Another advance in technologycomputer. These machines havein power since they wereConsumer goods such as microwave telephones,and cars often includethem running. Millions ofuse personal computersincreased global interaction and improvedrom the 1950s to the 1970s,and Soviet Union took theirThis space race also led cooperation. Pictures of the earth fromreminded people that all nationsIn the 1970s, the spacecooperative. In 1975, U.S. anddocked, or joined together, in space. American and Soviet space missionsfrom other countries. In theastronauts began to take the spaceRussian space station called Mir. Some space missions did notmembers. Unmanned flightsand information about otherUnited States and EuropeanHubble Space Telescope into orbitThis satellite has sent backobjects in space. Other satellites are owned byThey are used every day toEarth or to search for mineralsSatellites allow televisionevents live

Red River Rebellion Essay Example

Red River Rebellion Paper This paper will look at the views of five different authors and their views on the Red River Rebellion. The sources that surround the Red River Rebellion come from people of many different scholarly backgrounds, walks of life and opinions. To really understand an event that happened so long ago it is important to see the way that a variety of different people have viewed the issue. Some differing approaches to this occurrence in 1 869 showing many sides and views of what happened such as the Idea that Riel could not have been behind the rebellion, the Idea that It was In fact Riel who made the Red River Rebellion happen, the involvement of the British in the conflict, blame that may be placed on the Canadian government at the time and the perspective of the MÂ ©its peoples are all very important aspects that must be looked at as one searches for Ideas about the Red River Rebellion. The five sources that have chosen to look at which show in very different lights where the blame should be placed for the Red River Rebellion of 1869 are as follows. Thomas Flagmans Political Theory of the Red River Resistance, written in 1978, G. Ens Prologue to the Red River Resistance: Prenatal Politics and the Triumph of Riel, written in 1994, J. P. Smiths Riel Rebellion of 1869: New Light on British Liberals and the use of Force on the Canadian Frontier, from 1995, J. M. Bunkmates Crisis at Red River: 125 Years Ago Louis Riel Defied Canada also written in 1 995, and finally Donald Paunchs 1988 book The MÂ ©its. We will write a custom essay sample on Red River Rebellion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Red River Rebellion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Red River Rebellion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In 1978 Thomas Flanagan wrote an article In the Canadian Journal of Political Science, entitled Political Theory of the Red River Resistance: The Declaration of December 8, 1869. This article makes the major point that critical texts such as this declaration must be examined critically from the perspectives of many types of scholars Including the political scholar. The key conclusion that Flanagan draws from the political analysis of The Declaration of December 8, 1869- which is also known as the Declaration of the People of Ruptures Land and the North West is that the billion was not actually Louis Riels work as so many believe it is. Flanagan speaks of Riel and the people of Red River as being Immature and unreasonable; he says that they would have been unable to rebel in such a large way without some intense help and advice. The main source that Flanagan uses is the actual Declaration of December 8, 1869, as this Is what much of his article Is based around. However It is not the only source that he has used to help him draw the conclusions about Riel and the Red River Rebellion which he has discussed. Flanagan also sites A. G. Memories A Critical Theory of the Red River Insurrection, G. F. G Stanley The Birth of Western Canada and John Lockers Second Treatise of Government throughout his article. These sources all seem to do a good Job In backing up the point that Flanagan makes regarding Riels Inability to have been the mastermind behind the Red River Rebellion, however John Lockers 1 OFF second I rattle AT Government, although a g source Tort many Ideas Ana writings, seems not to fit in regarding this specific topic, as it may have more to do with political actions in Europe rather than in the early days of Canada. Flagmans article is written very clearly from a political perspective and from this moms a clear bias. This political theory paper discusses in detail the incapability of Riel and through this argument one may see that Flanagan gives very little credit to the MÂ ©its for the planning of the rebellion which they as a community carried out. This bias is obvious and the language used shows almost a disdain for the MÂ ©its population and portrays them in a very diminutive and incapable light, giving them no credit at all for the thought behind the actions which were taken in 1869. While Flanagan argues that Riel was not the mastermind behind the Red River Rebellion Gerhard J. Ens looks at this event in a very different light in his article Prologue to the Red River Resistance: Pre-lamina Politics and the Triumph of Riel. This article by Ens discusses the early period of the Red River Rebellion/Resistance prior to the occurrence of the barrier being erected at Riviera Sale by Riel and his men preventing the newly appointed Lieutenant Governor from entering the Red River colony. The plight of Riel and the work that he put into this rebellion is discussed by Ens as he speaks of the competition to assume leadership of the MÂ ©its cause in the Red River colony. Riel won the leadership rights Ens tells us as he stressed the rights of French and Catholic people rather than the minimal rights of the Aboriginal community. Ens argues in his article that this leadership competition set the tone for the larger rebellion that was to come. In this sense Ens article and Flagmans article differ, however Ens also says to the reader that Riels attempt to build consensus within the colony was impeded. Ens uses a variety of sources to construct his argument on the Red River Rebellion. The main sources that he cites are The Collected Writings of Lois Riel, Seasonal Papers from Canadas Parliament (House of Commons), Red River Journal by Alexander Begs and interestingly enough, Political Writings on the Red River Rebellion by Thomas Flanagan. The sources that Ens uses to substantiate his argument seem much more effective as many of them are primary sources and give perspectives from the MÂ ©its who were actually a part of the community in which the rebellion occurred. Ens uses the writings of people such as Louis Riel to give a clear picture of what was actually going on and how the MÂ ©its viewed the issue as well as vying the perspective of the Canadian government and looking at documents that came from them to see their point of view and actions in regards to the Red River Rebellion. A very different picture of the Red River Rebellion of 1869 is given by James Patterson Smith in his article entitled Riel Rebellion of 1869: New Light on British Liberals and the use of Force on the Canadian Frontier. Patterson Smith looks at the Red River Rebellion in terms of imperial considerations. His article discusses the British involvement on the Canadian frontier making many valid points regarding this involvement. Patterson Smith focuses mainly on the point that Britains official policy was to withdraw British garrisons from Canada and other self governing colonies at the time, however Canadas commitment to the empire and belief in the value of the empire to Britain in terms of world politics drove Canada to prod Britain into Involvement In Trotter Issues sun as ten Rear Ruler Relation. Nils article, Wendell different from the others in the perspective that it takes seems to be very important in understanding the motives and the forces behind the decision of the British to ploy imperial troops in Manitoba to end the rebellions. While the other articles focus on whom and what was the main force and brains behind the rebellions, Patterson Smith shows the other side, the British side. Patterson Smith like Ens, references the Political Writings on the Red River Rebellion by Thomas Flanagan, he also uses a variety of documents from the Colonial Office Minutes on Young Correspondence and the Colonial Office Confidential Memorandum Regarding Disturbances in the Red River Settlement. All of these sources seem to be extremely beneficial in the writing of this article regarding British involvement as Patterson Smith has gone straight to the source of where and why the British became involved in the conflict by looking at the meetings that were held and the documents which were created. A bias is definitely shown in James Patterson Smiths article, as it is all about the British perspective and discusses how it was the Canadian governments idea to involve the British. This article does not really show the perspective of the MÂ ©its populations involved in the rebellion which may have been useful in showing other reasons for why the Canadian government may have needed the assistance of the British on the Canadian frontier. Bias is inevitable in article such as this however and in this article it seems as if the bias is necessary and very useful in giving the reader a look at the Red River Rebellion from a different viewpoint. So far the Red River Rebellion has been looked at as being thought up and the fault of someone much more intelligent and mature than Louis Riel, as well as by Riel. We have also looked at the perspectives of the British government regarding their involvement in the Red River Rebellion. It is only fitting in this view of whos fault ND the way on which different people were involved and effected to look also at the rebellion as being the fault of the Canadian government. J. M. Bumpiest, a professor of history at SST. Johns College, University of Manitoba writes an article entitled Crisis at Red River: 125 years ago Louis Riel Defied Canada. This article discusses a variety of ideas regarding the Red River Rebellion and how and why it occurred. Bemused argues that the Red River Rebellion was almost inevitable as the MÂ ©its populations, as any other population would do, resisted the takeover of land by Canada surrounding the Red River Community. It was in fact the fault of the Canadian government that the Red River Rebellion began as they were sloppy and unwilling to let the community know what was going on says Bemused. Although the exact sources that Bemused uses to substantiate his claims are not given it can be seen that he uses many sources such as minutes and acts passed by the House of Commons in Canada as well as proclamations made by various people such as Louis Riel and important Acts that were essential during the period of rebellion such as the Manitoba Act. These sources give the paper an overall feeling of Ruth and reliability as Bemused frequently quotes documents and people who were present at the time of the 1869 Red River Rebellion. This article seems very different than the others in the way in which it is written, it is fairly obvious that it is the work of a historian and is a very good contrast to other articles by political theorists, anthropologists, Ana a wee variety AT toner canolas. It Is very Interesting to see ten thoughts of Bemused as a historian and his thoughts seem to encompass those of many other historians. A bias is very clearly presented in Bunkmates article as he blatantly discusses the stakes and stupidity of the Canadian government in not informing the Native populations surrounding Red River about what was happening. Bemused very obviously feels that the rebellions were not the fault of the MÂ ©its populations although they were the ones to begin the violence, but that they were in fact initiated by the natural reaction that the MÂ ©its would have had to what the Canadians were doing about the land surrounding them. The final work that will be looked at in regards to the Red River Rebellion is a book by D. Purist, The MÂ ©its. Throughout this work the lives and customs as well as the story of the MÂ ©its is discussed in great detail. One chapter in particular however deals extensively with the Red River Rebellion. This work does not display an argument regarding the rebellion or an opinion; rather it seems to be an attempt at giving the facts of the events of 1869 from the perspectives of many, not only the government but also the MÂ ©its peoples. Purist uses many different sources in the writing of his book, everything from books and government documents to court decisions and the press. This book is very well written and the extensive list of sources that Purist has drawn upon gives the kook credibility as he looks at various sources from Native peoples or MÂ ©its perspectives as well as those by the Canadian government and other individuals of European descent. This book while giving a seemingly unbiased and factual account of the Red River Rebellion does have an underlying bias as it is written to share the story of the MÂ ©its. For this reason the Canadian government and other people who opposed the MÂ ©its during the time of the Red River Rebellion are looked at in a very different light.

Ramadan Features

Introduction Since time memeorial, rituals and myths that are held by a certain community have alsways been some of the main elemetns that define and differentiate that community from the rest of the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ramadan Features specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although presently societies have undergone a great revolutuion in terms of development and embracing new cultural practices as compared to few decades ago, there is little that has changed in most myths and rituals that are respected not only by societies, but also religious groups globally (Bell 2-7). For instance, the Muslims have specific rituals that identify them; rituals that have been there since the onset of this religion. Although some of them are very old, adherents of this faith respect and believe in them, because they define their entire way of life. Ramadan is one of those Islamic ceremonies that are associated wit h numerous myths and rituals. Myths and Rituals A myth is a traditional story with a purpose. It is usually concerned with early history of people and explanations of some social phenomenon. Typically, it involves supernatural beings or events that are done by these supernatural beings (Kluckhohn 47-52). Myths also try to explain why the world is the way it is and the relationship between gods and humans. There are two main classes of traditional tales, which are common in most societies. These are fables or myths, which have some aspect of truth in them or those that are just imagined and told (Campbell 3-5). Myth stories are false stories because they took in primordial age. In addition, the supernatural beings in the stories make the events in a myth usually impossible. But in their explanations, they try to send a message that has a very important social or religious meaning. Mythology – the study of myths- tries to search for the connection between myths and different cu ltures. Hence, to larger extent, myths are used to establish models for behavior by providing meaningful religious experiences. On the other hand, through the use of myths, in most scenarios communities have a tendency of separating themselves from the contemporary world by embracing the mythical world. They also try to answer numerous common questions asked by humans like; who made the universe? And what, why, and when was the entire phenomenon in the world created (Campbell 3-6). A ritual on the other hand, is a custom, ceremony, a procedure or series of systematic set of actions that are performed at specific events, time and place with a symbolic meaning. The significance of a ritual primarily depends on tradition or religion of a society.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Actions performed in a ritual are usually chosen by the performers but the words and what they symboli ze must conquer and endorse the any myths that are held by that society. The function of rituals varies from one community to another. This is because, rituals symbolizes different things ranging from religious obligations or ideals, spiritual satisfactions, emotional needs, strengthening of social bonds, and giving of moral and social education. They can be also used to demonstrate respect or submission, the passage or commencement of an affiliation, the getting of social acceptance or approval, and sometimes they can be performed just for pleasure. In other cases, societies perform rituals as a form of adoring God of some gods, as a way of blessing matrimony, or as a way of appeasing the dead. Generally, although societies perform rituals, because of different reasons, it is the myths and beliefs that are held by these societies that make them to perform them (Bell 3-23). This is the case primarily because; these rituals are one of the primary factors that are used to identify a g roup or a community, because they help in promoting good interpersonal relationships, for example, the Islamic Ramadan. Ramadan Although the word â€Å"Ramadan† in Arabic speaking communities is used to refer to very intense heat, in Islamic, Ramadan is a name of a month in the Islamic calendar (Bell 124-127). As research studies show, this title was selected, as it wholly represented the real climatic conditions and biological changes that are associated with fasting. Throughout the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, which runs for a time span of approximately twenty nine to thirty days, followers of the Islamic religion, spend the entire twilight without food. There are so many things that are commemorated during this period, the most important confession of sins or any wrong doing. In most cases, this fasting season commences mostly after the astronomical new moon. This is the case primarily because; followers of this religion believe that, the appearance of this moon is a sign of a new month beginning. However, because of the time differences of different places in the world, Ramadan begins on different days in various parts of the world, more so those that are found in different time zones. This fact has been one of the primary causes of disagreements every year on the exact time when observing of Ramadan should begin. This is evident in the recent attempts of clerics from this religion to try and solve the misery behind this conflicting concept using astronomical calculations (Hill 1-2). What happens during Ramadan? Fasting The most important thing Ramadan commemorates is confession of sins, as individuals take this time to worship and have a spiritual reflection. Majority of followers of this religion will always do anything at their disposal in order to keep themselves holy during this season.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ramadan Features specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition to this, by all means individuals refrain themselves from sexual intercourse until wee hours of the night, when daylight is gone. On the other hand, eating, drinking as well as falling into temptation is discouraged. According to this religion’s tenets, fasting is one of the primary methods of ensuring purity of both thoughts and actions. That is, in doing this, followers of Mohamed believe that, fasting is one of the most important way of directing the whole heart away from worldly activities, it being the only method of ensuring that they are cleansed together with their inner soul (Bell 124-136). Also, during this period, every part of the body; right from the tongue, is restricted from back biting and gossip; eyes must be restricted from looking at unlawful things; the hands are not supposed to take anything that does not belong to it and ears are prohibited from listening to idle talk and obscene words. Therefore, fasting is not just physical but rather, th e commitment of one’s fasting routine is meant to teach the Muslims self discipline self control, patience, sacrifice, and empathy towards those who are less fortunate. As a result, it creates a sense of generosity and charity that is commonly referred to as Zakat (The Outreach Center: Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Havard University 5). Prayer and reading of the Qur’an During this season, all adherents of this religion are also supposed to go through the entire Qur’an and comprehend its teachings. Others prefer to recite the whole Qur’an as a form of saying special prayers that are known as Tarawih. These prayers must be done every night of the month. During these nights, the whole section of the Qur’an is recited and by the end of the month, one is supposed to have completed the entire Quran. This is the case primarily because; Muslims hold a notion that, by reading this book, there is a strong link that will form between them and their God, as the reading reminds them of how wonderful God has been to them; hence, the need of them to be good to others by being charitable, doing good deeds, and showing kindness. To show this they prepare special foods and gifts which they give the poor and the needy that are not in position to afford (Bell 124- 129). If’tar Firstly, If’tar primarily entails avoiding any consumption of food and drinks, until the sun goes down. After the sun has gone down, individuals are supposed to come together and share a meal that is commonly refererd to as If’tar. This meal usually begins by eating three dates (the same way Muhammad used to do) followed by the Maghrib prayer (the fourth prayer of the five daily prayers Fard).Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After this, the normal meal is served. Over the recent past, If’tar has grown to be a banquet festival, because during this time, families, neighbors, friends, and even the whole community come together for fellowship (The Outreach Center: Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Havard University 6). Charity This is very significant in Islam and its meaning magnifies more during Ramadan. From time memorial, Ramadan is specifically a blessed time; therefore, Muslims celebrate it by giving in charity (sadaqa) (Ghazi and Rauuam 9-22). Laylat al-Qadr Among Muslims, Laylat al-Qadr is assumed to be one of the main holy nights. Muslims strongly hold the notion that; it is during this night that the Islamic Holy book was given to Prophet Muhammad. It occurs on an odd numbered night during the last ten days of the same month of Ramadan. It can be either the night of 29th, 27th, 25th, 23rd, or the 21st of Ramadan (Bell 124-133). Eid Al-Fitr Eid Al-Fitr is a feast that is used to celebrate t he conclusion of the fasting period and the commencement of a new month. Following the moon’s signals, it is the day when another new moon appears and it means the back to the fitrah. It a special day with cerebrations as food is donated to the poor (Zakat al-fitr); everybody wears his or her best clothes followed by communal prayers that are done in the morning. These types of prayers are different from the Fard, as they done as a form of worship and thanksgiving. After prayers, different festivals and visiting of relatives and friends follow, as a way of showing love and togetherness (The Outreach Center: Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Havard University 5-6) Conclusion In conclusion, all this features of Ramadan are forms of rituals that are performed by those who profess the Islamic religion. These rituals are normally done by Muslims, because of the strong myths they hold about their religion. For example, by giving freely to the needy, Muslims believe that God will r eward them too, for their generous deeds. Regardless of whether this is practical or not, this is one of the rituals that have encouraged cooperation among members of this religion. Another example is fasting as a way of getting pardon from the most high. Although nobody understands how God (Allah) work, to some level, this myth that God pardons those who fast, has encouraged members of this religion to embrace this ritual; hence, the nature of respect they accord Ramadan. Therefore, there is a clear connection between the myths and beliefs held by Muslims, in relation to celebrating the Holy Month of Ramadan, because it is the beliefs that have been transferred throughout ages that has made observing of Ramadan a habitual ritual. Works Cited Bell, Catherine. Ritual: Perspectives and Dimensions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Web. Campbell, Joseph. The Power of Myth. New York: Anchor Books, 1991. Print. Ghazi, Hamid and Rauuam, Omar. Ramadan. New York: Holiday House, 1996 . Print. Hill, Margaret. Carlifonia Three Rs Project: Rights Responsibilities, and Respect. August 31 2011. Web. Kluckholm, Clyde. Myths and Rituals A General Theory. The Havard Theological Review, 35. 1 (1942): 45-79. Print. The Outreach Center: Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Havard University. Celebrating Ramadan: a Resource for Educators. Harvard University. Web. July 2008. This essay on Ramadan Features was written and submitted by user Claudia Salazar to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Telecommunications essays

Telecommunications essays One of the fastest growing industries in recent years has been the communications industry, particularly the cellular and personal communications industry. This global explosion of technology has spread, rapidly linking both highly industrial areas as well as that of the third world and emerging countries. The deployment of wireless communication has been readily accepted in remote and previously somewhat isolated areas. The emergence of specialized companies in this field has produced numerous competitors for this market. The communication companies such as Harris, Nortel and Ericsson are all competing in this market for renewed company growth and prosperity. The effect of competition in this global marketplace is such that in order to remain recognized in these markets firms are required more than ever to establish a presence in these new markets and rethink as well as redefine the way in which they do business. The buzz word Hyper has been used in conjunction with these companies, and has been associated with three main functions which have changed and evolved with the new business logic. These are; The trend in company policy in the past was to win every possible sale at any cost. All prioritization of the firm was a function of the current deal. Large established firms such as Nortel were seen as being the best simply because of their size. When a firms primary focus is on sales and revenue alone, it leads to a fragmentation of reserves within the organization. This effect was seen and experienced first hand by Nortel directly when with Globalization, little regard was given to direct support of their product in countries where it was used. The new focus of Nortel, Harris and Ericcson has been on the importance of not winning at any cost, ...

Tradition paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tradition paper - Essay Example The first homecoming event started with a football match between Pomona College and Wildcats. During the historic moment, Pomona college team lost to Wildcats before a crowd of the 1,500 University of Arizona alumni. The tradition continued annually with usual homecoming football game as kickoff. Thereafter, the tradition became famous, and other games joined including athletes. Homecoming tradition has changed since its inception in 1914. The tradition started with a remarkable football game on the afternoon before a crowd of approximately 1,500 people. Currently, homecoming tradition has grown into the largest and most famous event in college history. In addition, to the increased number of homecoming event attendance, officials of the tradition have increased the number of activities and celebrations done by the alumni. Moreover, homecoming tradition has evolved from when it used to register freely participants to the current state involving electing homecoming queens and kings. Furthermore, homecoming event officials hold enormous parades with more technical materials. The tradition has also designed mascots. It is evident that the praxis of homecoming queen and king begun after World War II. During the homecoming event, student council would normally elect a homecoming queen before the king. However, the tradition of electing the king heightened in 1983. Thereafter, homecoming event begun a praxis of crowning queen and King at pep rally situated close to Old Main and at the bonfire. Homecoming parade had also evolved from the time when student council operated it at along the streets of downtown Tucson. Thereafter, parade moved to the University of Arizona mall where it developed into the largest and entertaining parade. The most widely attended event among homecoming activities includes tents on the mall beside the football game. Tents on the mall event consisted of various

Hotel Rwanda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hotel Rwanda - Essay Example How a variety of relations turned out between the needy Rwandans and the Whites or the western people in control also possesses a significant level of accuracy as assessed with respect to history which traditionally depicted racial discrimination, whether or not subtle, with an occasional mode of compassion or empathy and recognition for the black people. The apparently accurate emotions portrayed by the actors behind the characters of the oppressed Tutsis channel an amount of distinction apart from any fictitious attempt since the audience can readily engage as measured by the equivalent horrified reactions that manifest anxious imaginings with distressful feeling of helplessness. The director, T. George, might have felt the necessity to not disclose or point out the motivations behind the hostilities of the Hutu extremists for perhaps being such a complex portion able to divert the main objective of building up a one-man hero into the core. By clearly not revealing the truth that t here were only two foreign journalists in Rwanda on stating â€Å"lots of foreign press are arriving for the peace signing,† the film warrants as such that it gives viewers an impression of witnesses and interested parties at supporting the cause of P.

My experience as a mechanical engineer and my thoughts and how to Assignment

My experience as a mechanical engineer and my thoughts and how to handle the career - Assignment Example But that happens to be just the first step. The field of Mechanical Engineering is so diverse and dynamic with the rapid advancement of technology that one constantly needs to upgrade one’s skills as a Mechanical Engineer. Strengths As a Mechanical Engineer, one gets to work in a variety of settings. This not only builds knowledge but also expands one’s social network with other professionals from his/her field. As a licensed professional Mechanical Engineer, one can review the design drawings and has the authority to sign them off. One gets the opportunity to supervise and manage a diverse team. With experience, a Mechanical Engineer gets more and more skilled and independent. Becoming a Professional Engineer enables one to establish one’s own design and consultancy firm. Weaknesses Mechanical Engineering is a very vast field comprising numerous subjects. Although the knowledge is infinite, yet one’s ability to learn and really master an area of Mechanica l Engineering is limited by a number of constraints including time, type and nature of job, and responsibilities outside the work. Once I entered my professional career as a Mechanical Engineer after getting my degree, my skills developed in a specific field of Mechanical Engineering. ... One can have ten years of experience as a Mechanical Engineer and yet be no different than a fresh university graduate if one switches to an area of Mechanical Engineering that one has not had a prior experience in. Opportunities One thing that I love about Mechanical Engineering is that the scope of this field of engineering is very large. Mechanical Engineers have opportunities waiting for them in every part of the world in general and in the advanced countries in particular. The technological advancement is an opportunity to enhance one’s engineering skills. The contemporary organizations encourage innovation as a means to find the solutions of problems. The changes that have taken place in the curriculum of Mechanical Engineering are another opportunity. Computerized training is an essential part of the latest curriculum of Mechanical Engineering in a vast majority of the engineering colleges around the world. Competence in the use of softwares and their knowledge is what provides the Mechanical Engineers with an edge in the market in the present age. Challenges The field of Mechanical Engineering is quite dynamic. The pace of technological advancement has increased over the past few decades. Many industries are employing latest technology using complex systems. A major threat in the field of Mechanical Engineering is collapse of the motor vehicle industries that has created a void in the employment opportunities for the Mechanical Engineers. In addition to that, the global financial crisis that started in 2008 has posed numerous challenges to the engineering fraternity. Many Mechanical Engineers have lost their jobs as a result of downsizing attempts made by their companies which has lowered the morale of the engineers. The

Cell phones and handheld computers advancement

Cell phones and handheld computers advancement Cell phones and handheld computers are two important technological inventions that have changed the face of our world as we see it today. Since the emergence of cell phones, many people are able to communicate wireless without having to stay at home communicating through their LAN line phone and dont have to worry about all of those dangling phone chords that are just unnecessary. Most people use cell phones as an electronic device for mobile telecommunications such as mobile telephone, text messaging, and or data transmission over a cellular network of specialized base stations known as cell sites. The current cell phones of today support many additional services and accessories such as SMS for text messaging, email, packet switching for access to the Internet, gaming, Bluetooth, infrared, camera with video recorder and MMS for sending and receiving photos and video, MP3, AM/FM radio, and GPS. Cordless phones just seem to pose a big hassle for people who are always on the go and als o for many people who work for big time businesses. Handheld computers were the successors for the desktop computers t and are mostly used for in home usage for those people who dont go out very much are just love doing all of their work and or business from the privacy of their own home. Laptop computers are designed for mobile use and are very small and light enough to sit on a persons lap while in use. A laptop computer integrates most of the typical components of a desktop computer, including a display, a keyboard, a pointing device (a touchpad, also known as a track pad, and or a pointing stick), speakers, and often including a battery, into a single small and light unit. The older desktops didnt have as many features as the newer ones which posses most of the features that a current laptop has minus the ability to connect to the internet wireless. It seems like year after year, there are more new technological advances to both cell phones and laptop computers. For example, a n ewer advancement to cell phones is that most cell phone manufactures are starting to make cell phones that are touch screen. This allows people to be able to not always have to use their keypads to dial numbers or type out messages. The development of Bluetooth technology has also had an impact and has saved many lives by allowing the user to be able to answer thir cell phone without even picking up the phone so they will be able to focus on any situation rather than picking up the phone and holding it to their ears which is sometimes complicated. Also, with laptop computers, the new advancements of bigger and better hard drives and WIFI technology have proven to be the best new advancements. I feel that since new technological advancements are made with these two products every year, it will be very exciting to see what new advancements will be in store for both of these products in the near future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cell phones have really made a very big impact on organizations in the way employees communicate, conduct transactions, and access information in the workplace. With the quick development in technology, cell phones are surely becoming more and more popular with each passing day (Sedycias, pg 1).With the invention of cell phones, employees and employers are able to communicate through cell phone technology to receive and send data. Back in the day, people had to communicate through sending messages through mail rather than being able to send messages through the telephone which I find is much easier to do than sending messages through the mail. For example, many of the people back in the day had to send their messages through mail or typewrite their letters in order to try to communicate with other people. Since there were no telephones back then, you had future inventors thinking up ways to improve their technology even back before my time. When th e telephone was invented, people didnt realize how much far in advancement that the telephone would have reached after they were dead and gone and the newer generation started to play important roles in technological inventions. Cell phones have taken over the LAN line telephones of the past and even though many people still use regular phones in their houses, I tend to use my cell phone on a daily basis which I can communicate with my employer or employees in case of an emergency or if I have any data that I want to share with them while I am away from my home. Communication is very important in the workplace and also outside the workplace and thats when cell phones really come into play. Most employers want to know where their employees are if something happens to them which can prevent them from coming into work. It is much easier to have a cell phone in a situation like this because if you have to call your employer to inform he or she that you will be late or cant make it to wo rk, you will have your cell phone with you to inform your manager about any situations or incidents that you may have. Im not saying that this could not be accomplished through a LAN line phone, but it is good for everyone to have their own personal phone due to the fact that a lot of people cannot be trusted and then you are forced to try to use other peoples phones to try to contact your employers or your family members in case of an emergency. Also, companies can use cell phones to conduct business transactions. If companies want to make purchases or conduct transactions, they will be able to without having to leave their desks. They will be able to use their own cell phones and conduct any business related transactions that they may need to do. I feel that it is very much convenient because employers and employees will be able to communicate with people all over the world from the comfort of their own home or at the workplace. Having cell phones makes business peoples lives much easier because they are so much more convenient than regular phones due to their accessibility and that now you can do so much more with a cell phone than a regular phone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Handheld computers or as some say laptop computers has also made a big impact on society as well as an impact on big corporations. Computers I feel were a big enhancement from the original typewriters which were used back then in order to type and deliver messages. Since the emergence of computers, many people will be able to send and receive messages without even having to leave the comfort of their own homes. It has also helped corporations with preparing presentations as well as making transactions with other business and consumers without having to have a face to face meeting. When laptop computers started to emerge, they quickly became an instant impact because of the fact that people were used to dealing with bigger PC computers which were too heavy to carry around on a day to day basis. By having a laptop computer handy, people and businesses now had the opportunity to actually carry their own personal computer around with them to take care of any business that they needed to take care of. For example, companies use laptops a lot when preparing presentations and for doing business related work outside and inside of the workplace. It has made life so much easier for them because they do not have to sit at a desk all day on a PC computer to do any of their work. Whether they are out shopping or on the road, they can still communicate with other employees and workers through their laptop whenever they feel the need to. I have also started to notice that many people are starting to not buy PC computers anymore and that many are starting to make the switch to purchasing laptop computers. For the price of a laptop, you could purchase a desktop, which is faster, easier to expand and more powerful,(Jasper, pg 2). Laptop computers bring customers and business convenience and immediate access to information whether its from saved files or from the Internet. They allow for better collaboration between employees and managers meani ng that laptop computers can be flipped open to find a solution anytime and anywhere. For examples, if you are someone you know is in a meeting and had forgotten an important document, they can simply access it at any time and any other information that they have forgotten from their laptop computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that both cell phones and laptop computers have both had a really major impact on organizations in many ways and I believe that there is plenty of room for improvement. With cell phones, there are many new technological features which include games, internet, touch screen options, MP3, picture messaging, and also text messaging. These are all really great features that are very beneficial, but I also feel that a new feature that can be added to cell phones that would be very beneficial to organizations is probably a video chatting option. This will enable people who work for companies the opportunity to talk to other co-workers and see them at the same time while they are talking chatting with them. This feature will be able to let business communicate with other business and be able to actually watch them though the telephone or if someone is unable to attend a very important meeting due to delay, they will still be able to listen and wa tch the meeting form their cell phone. I would really love to see this feature added to cell phones for the simple fact that many employees who work for big companies are faced with transportation issues and issues that may deal with a family emergency which can cause them to be absent for one day or maybe late. The new technological feature of cell phone chatting will be able to place that employee at work without even physically being there which can work out for both the employee and the employer. In the case of laptop computers, I feel that here has been many new technological advances that have really impacted businesses and provided them with easier ways of communications and despite all of the advancements from the original PC computers to the personal laptops, I would love to see better security programs to prevent viruses, hackers, and spyware form damaging the laptop and also placing a built in tracking device for laptops. I feel that with newer and enhanced security progr ams, this will be able to help business from damaging viruses, hackers, and spyware that can potentially do harm to their laptops. If a computer in general catches a virus, it will cost the company money to get this problem fixed and this could cause that company to lose money as well as important data. Also, by having a built in tracking device located inside of laptop computers will allow employees to be able to track their computer in case of a theft. When working for a business, there are a lot of personal and confidential information that is stored in laptops which if lost without a backup disk can be harmful if that information is lost or is in the hands of a thief. I feel that companies and their employees should always have that extra added protection when owning a laptop computer for daily personal needs and for company matters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In closing, even though there has been many technological changes in todays society, I feel that the emergence of cell phones and handheld computers has had the most impact on my life, but I also feel that business were also majorly impacted by the emergence of cell phones and handheld computers as well. Such advancements as E-Commerce, Intranets and Extranets, and distance learning all aided in the way businesses operates, but I feel that all of these did not make a bigger impact on our society as the cell phones or handheld computers did. I feel that technological advances are really hard to follow especially if you are working in a business environment and knowing that whenever technology changes, that you must change also. One of the major things about on-demand is that it helps a business become not just more innovative, but also much more efficient and much more responsive to change (Wladawsky-Berger, pg 1). I try my best to stay prepared for any new technological advancements or any new changes that are bound to happen whenever I am working for any company. I feel that since our world is filled with the ability to develop and manufacture newer and more innovative products every year, it is very important to try to adapt to whatever new technology that is created especially when working in a business environment because the one thing that businesses likes are employees that catch on and adapt to their surroundings quick and are able to do whatever is necessary to take their company to the next level. Resources http://kb.wisc.edu/showroom/page.php?id=3044 http://www.inc.com/telecom/articles/200802/cellphone.html. Valencia, Gina. Convenience Main Benefit of Laptops. Daily Trojan.1999.pg 2. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/benefits-of-using-a-cell-phone.html. http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2002/tc20021231_1219.htm.

Hitlers Rise to Power

A Comparative Essay on Historical Schools: The Annales and Marxist Historiography Historical Interpretation, as a term, is a skill that historians acquire to describe human events. As historians gather information regarding the past and analyze the artifacts, they are left with the task to explain their findings to the masses. For many years, profound members of society were used as primary sources for historical events. But as the world turned, historians began to question the grounds of which these â€Å"facts† stood. How are the rulers and priest to be the only true source of widespread events?Such questions gave birth to schools of historical interpretation. These schools became well- known on their scrutiny of historical facts to the point where history became a specialized field with various focal points, such as linguistics, agriculture, cliometrics, culture, and many more. This essay will compare the analytical styles of the Annales and the Marxists historians. Althoug h these schools recognize the superstructure of socioeconomic relationships, they have different approaches and motivations for their historical analyses which has changed the way history is studied.The Annales School is a group of historians who innovated historical research. They focused on properly documenting French history prior to the French Revolution. Prior to their research, french history was dominated by Marxism and was made up mostly from the vantage point of the leaders and other well known figures. The Annales vigorously opposed Marxism due to its tendency to discredit the natural causes and individualism that also play a major part in history. However, the Annales countered Marxism’s monopolizing ways by presenting their socially scientific approach.The Annales was founded by two Strasburg professors, who taught history and it was through their connection that they were able to become a school of historical interpretation. Co-founders, Lucien Febvre and Marc Bl och developed a scholarly journal that incorporated their approach and was published in 1929. This groundbreaking article was titled â€Å"Annales d'Histoire Economique et social† which was subtle in its initial push for change in historical documentation. As they began this journey as the Annales, they opted for historians to examine the state of France as it is and then deduce history rather than judge the present based on the past.Although there works are one in the same, they had different approaches that worked well together. Bloch contributed an agrarian and comparative perspective, while Febvre’s contribution was geared more toward combining history and the social sciences. In the Annales School: An Intellectual History, Andre Burguiere states â€Å"the act of placing the present in perspective by setting it against what the past can teach us does not lead to skepticism but to a spirit of tolerance and responsibility. † This tells us that the Annales felt as though history should be judged not by the â€Å"great men† alone but by the masses.And the only way to get history outside of the proverbial box is to take into consideration the ideals of all men and evaluate them along with economic and material withholding of their country. In order to fully capture an unbiased survey of history Febvre and Bloch pushed for an intercontinental journal. This would allow them to expand their practices not only by incorporating other disciplines but also understanding these events from a broader perspective. Besides their interdisciplinary approach, they also wanted to transform history into a social science.For them, this would prove to be more practical and would be made up of checkable facts and resources. By turning history into a social science, collective beliefs and customs would be taken into consideration. With these approaches, Bloch and Febvre makes up the first generation of the Annales School of Historical Interpretation but their works are still being used, updated, and adapted in current historical interpretation. Marxist historiography takes a different approach to understanding history. Spawned from Marxism’s class scale, Marxist’s historical interpretation is limited, as it works backwards from the outcome to the event.However, this form of historical interpretation is recognized for its middle and lower class historical perspective. Karl Marx is well-known for his strong support for Communism. He professed that society goes through a cycle from anarchy to socialism, with capitalism and communism being on opposite ends of the spectrum. This approach led him to analyze and judge history on these characteristics. In Marxist historiography, every historical event was a result of the socioeconomic status in which the event took place.Marxist historians are sometime ashamed of the Marxist title that they have due to Marx’s position on what we call the free world. However, Marxist hi storians do not hang on every idea of Marxism. A Marxist historian analyzes history with the understanding that historical events are occurrences that are determined by the working class’ level of production and the type of government in place at the time of the occurrence. In Marxist historiography, historians pay close attention to historical materialism, class struggle, government, and production.These are the viewpoints that sum up this type of historical interpretation. The historiography of Marxism many times exclude political factors because it lacks the substantial and tangible evidence that other forms of historical interpretation embrace. Karl Marx both embraced and opposed the ideas of GWF Hegel, a German philosopher, who was well known for his conflict and contradictions theories. Yet, it was because of Hegel’s philosophy that Marxism thrives. Through Marxist historiography, historical events are at the mercy of a superstructure that has a predetermined pat h.The work of Karl Marx and the Annales are still in practice today. Both schools of historical interpretation emphasize the social and economic impact on society as being the source for historical events. They examine the framework of society and compare the circumstances of many events to verify their theories and downplay prior trust in political narratives. As Stuart Clark states, in The Annales School: Critical Assessments, â€Å"At the centre of these issues and at the point of convergence of the Annales school and Marxist history is the theme of power. He concluded that their two distinct methods explain the plight of human events without discussing power and because of this missing link, the two schools will have more differences than similarities. Power is a common idea of both schools, however, they do not point out this fact. As there studies show, shifts of power is the driving force behind all historical events. The foundations of the perspectives of these two schools are astonishingly similar, but their differences lie in the details of their work.The Annales eventually introduced their three tiered paradigm which was â€Å"structure at the base, conjecture in the center and the event at the top. This this was then divided again by geography, social, and the individual. †(Hunt ,1986) In their use of this paradigm, they set themselves apart from Marxism because they incorporated geography and the individual in their studies, which was unique. Taking into consideration , the individual gives a personal take on the superstructure because from this vantage point the big picture can not be seen.The Annales understood that the individual has personal motivations that are not apart of the collective opinion and that the structure affects each person differently. The evidence that the Annales consider when interpreting history is more detailed than the practices of Marxist historians. Marxist historians emphasize the super and sub-structures of s ociety and remain focused on the outcome rather than the events. Marx stated in the Communist Manifesto that â€Å"the history of all past societies has been the history of all class struggles. † This sentence sums up the motivation behind Marxist historiography.Marx wanted inform the world that details did not matter as much as the inevitable social cycle. In The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852), Marx states that history repeats itself, first as a tragedy and second, as a farce. † The Marxist historian upholds this statement to be a slogan for their studies. As they uncover new ideas regarding the â€Å"system†, they are able to interpret historical events from the outside in. Schools of historical interpretations have the duty of setting their methods apart from others and coming up with different ways to analyze history.Although each event has its facts, each school interpret the findings in interesting ways. The Annales began their journey trying to combat the Marxist historical methods and they prevailed in the way they were able to contribute to history what Marxist historiography could not cover. With each of their motivations deriving from the fallacies of political narratives, these schools have transformed historical documentation from a series of both unfortunate and fortunate events to a narrative of social and economic situations that inevitably force certain outcomes. Bibliography: . Burguiere, Andre. The Annales School: An Intellectual History, trans. Jane Marie Todd, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2009; cloth; pp. 328; 2. Long, Pamela. Annales d'histoire economique et sociale 7 (November 1935), Les techniques, I'histoire et la vie Technology and CultureVol. 46, No. 1 (Jan. , 2005), pp. 177-186 Published by: Society for the History of Technology Article Stable URL:http://www. jstor. org/stable/40060803 3. Hunt, Lynn. French History in the Last Twenty Years: The Rise and Fall of the Annales Paradigm. Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 21, No. , Twentieth Anniversary Issue (Apr. , 1986), pp. 209-224Published by: Sage Publications, Ltd. retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/260364 4. Marx, K. , and F. Engels. The Communist Manifesto. New York, NY: Signet Classics, 1998. Print 5. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Karl Marx 1852 Course Textbooks: 1. Tosh, John. The Pursuit of History. 5th. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2010. 2. Green, Anna, and Kathleen Troup. The Houses of History: A Critical Reader in Twenthieth-century History and Theory. Washington Square, New York: New York University Press, 1999.

Summary Explaning English Grammar – Tense and Aspect

J. A SUMMARY TENSE AND ASPECT Overview Some basic meaning distinctions between different tense forms are offered in terms of the REMOTE (or not) and FACTUAL (or not) status of perceived situations including notes on the future, time expressions, and the HISTORICAL PRESENT. A distinction is made between LEXICAL ASPECT, concerned with inherent properties of verb meaning such as STATIVE, DYNAMIC, PUNCTUAL, and DURATIVE, and GRAMMATICAL ASPECT, concerned with an internal versus an external perspective on situations. Basic forms The basic element in a English sentence is the ver.We need to talk about TENSE, to describe different forms of the verb. English has two distinct tense forms, PRESENT and PAST TENSE, and to two distinct forms for the aspect, PERFECT and PROGRESSIVE ASPECT. The MODAL VERB will is included typically as an indication of future reference. Basic English Verbs Forms Verb forms Examples Simple present I love your Mercedes Present progressive you are standing too close to it. Simple past I wanted a car just like it.Past progressive you were aiming too high. Simple future I will work for it Future progressive you will be working forever Present perfect I have worked hard before Present perfect progressive you have been working for nothing. Past perfect(pluperfect) I had saved my money Past perfect progressive you had been saving pennies Future perfect I will have saved enough Future perfect progressive you will have been saving in vainWe always need a basic verb (e. g. eat,, love,sleep) and a basic tense, either past or present. With a tense (e. g. past) and verb (e. g. eat, we can create the simple verb structure in I ate. Changes the tense to present and we get I eat. These basic elements, tense and verb are always required. We can add a modal element (e. g will) to get I will eat. We can also include elements that indicate aspect, either prefect of progressive. If we include perfect aspect (i. e have †¦+ -en), we get the structure in I have e aten. It is simply conventional to analyze the verb ending in the perfect + -en.Other verbs actually have different forms as endings,, as in the perfect aspect versions of I have loved and I have slept. We can also choose progressive aspect (i. e. be †¦ + -ing), so that different forms of the verb be are included before the basic verb, ending with + -ing as in I am eating be is sleeping. The basic structure There is a very regular pattern in the organization of all these elements used to create English verb forms. Basic structure of English verb forms Tense| Modal| Perfect| Progressive| Verb| PAST or PRESENT| WILL| HAVE+ – EN| Be + -ING| VERB|The left to right order of components is fixedEach component influences the form of the component to its right| PRESENT TENSE, HAVE †¦ + EN,BE†¦ + ING, sleep I have been sleeping. The first element is created from the influence of PRESENT TENSE on HAVE(=have). The next element is created from the influence of + -EN (=been) . The next element is formed by attaching + -ING to the verb sleep, once again at the end, to create SLEEP + -ING (=sleeping). When we choose different elements, we get different verb forms. Ex a. past tense, have †¦ + EN, love b. I had loved.In a the effect of PAST TENSE on the HAVE element creates had. The influence of the + -EN element on the verb love results in loved, as in b. Notice once again that the + -EN element actually becomes –ed at the end of most English verbs. a. PAST TENSE, BE ING,sleep b. I was sleeping. In, the PAST TENSE element combines with BE to create was and the +ING element attaches to the verb sleep to yield sleeping, as in b. Its important for teachers to understand that a grammatical element that consists of two separate parts will always be very difficult to learn. Basic meaningsTense in English is not based on simple distinctions in time. Tense The basic tense distinction in English is marked by only two forms of the verb, the PAST TENSE (I lived there ten) and the PRESENT TENSE (I live here now). Conceptually, the present tense form ties the situation described closely to the remote from the situation of utterance. The past tense form makes the situation described more remote from the situation of utterance. There is a very regular distinction in English which is marked by that versus now, there versus here, that versus thin, and past tense versus present tense.Situations in the future are treated differently. They are inherently non factual, but can be considered as either relatively certain (i. e. perceived as remote from happening) or relatively unlikely or even impossible (I. e. perceived as remote from happening). The verb form that is tradionally called ‘the future tense is actually expressed via a modal verb which indicates the relative possibility of an event. This modal also has two forms which convey the closeness (I will live here) or the remoteness (I would live there) of some situation being the ca se viewed from the situation of utterance.Meanings of the basic verb forms Concepts| Verb-forms| Remote + factualNon remote + non factualNon-remote + non-factualRemote + non factual| Past – livedPresent – liveFuture –will liveHypothetical – would live| Events described by the simple paste tense form are presented as being facts and remote from the time of utterance. The simple present tense indicates that events (also treated as facts of ‘being the case’). Are non remote. The future Future events are not treated as facts, hence are only possibilities. They are distinguished in terms of being non-remote possibilities versus remote possibilities.The forms of the verb used in statements about hypothetical (i. e. remote and non factual) such as [10], are usually described as past tense forms, but their reference is clearly not to past time. [10] If I was rich, I would change the world. Reference to time The widely recognized difference in time be tween situations referred to via the past and the present tense forms can be interpreted in terms of remoteness (or non-remoteness) in time from the time of utterance. Generally, adverbial expressions of time are used to establish time frames within which situations can be described.They do not determine how the speaker may choose to mark the relative remoteness of the event via tense. Thus, an expression like today can establish a time frame for talking about events that the speaker can describe as remote, via the past tense(e. g I slept late), or non remote, via the present tense(e. g. I’m tired). The speakers now These observations on tense in English would suggest that the widely used image of a time-line running from the past (yesterday) through the present (today) to the future (tomorrow) is not, in fact, the basis of the grammatical category of tense.The speaker’s perspective The time –line perspective Past time- present time – future time The spea ker’s perspective Remote non remote remote (non-factual) The common use of the past tense in English to represent reported speech, as 16 b, would seem to fit a more remote interpretation better than a’ past time’ interpretation. The difference between the direct speech of 16a and indirect speech of 16b is not a matter of time, but of distance from the reporting situation. 16 a. She said. ‘I am waiting here. B. She said that she was waiting here.Aspect In order to talk about ASPECT, we have to look inside the situation, In terms of its internal dimensions, a situation may be represented as fixed or changing, it may be treated as lasting for only a moment or having duration, and it can be viewed as complete or as ongoing. These are aspectual distinctions. Because aspect has to do with the kind of situation perceived or experienced, it can be expressed both lexically and grammatically. The grammatical expression of aspect is accomplished via the perfect and p rogressive forms of the verb. Stative dynamicVerbs commonly used with STATIVE meanings apply to situations that are relatively constant over time and describe cognitive (i. e mental) states such as knowledge (know, understand), and emotion (hate, like) or relations (be,have). Most verbs are not used with stative meanings, but have the concept of change as an essential characteristic and apply to DYNAMIC situations. Dynamic situations can be divided into those viewed as having almost no duration (non durative) versus those having duration (durative). Punctual or durative Verbs used with non-durative meanings typically describe isolated acts (kick, hit, smash).Another term for non-durative is punctual aspect, related to the point in time interpretation of expressions (fire a gun, smash a window) which do not extend through time. DURATIVE aspect is an essential feature of verbs that denote activities(run, eat). Types of lexical aspect Stative Dynamic Punctual Durative Cognition Relatio nsActs Activities ProcessesBelieve be hit eat becomeHate belong jump run changeKnow contain kick swim flowLike have stab walk growUnderstand own strike work hardenWant resemble throw write learn| Those verbs that denote stative concepts in English tend not to be used with progressive forms.Those verbs that are typically used with punctual aspect, describing momentary acts (kick, cough), take on a slightly different meaning when used in the progressive form. Grammatical aspect The basic GRAMMATICAL distinction in English ASPECT is marked by two forms of the verb. These are traditionally described as versions of the verb be with the present participle (Verb+ ing) for the progressive, as in [20a], and versions of have with the past participle (Verb + -en/ed) for the perfect, as in [20b]. 20. a. I am/was eating b. I have/had eaten Grammatical aspect Concept of situation Progressive viewed from the inside, in progress.Perfect viewed from the outside, in retrospect. Combining lexical and grammatical aspect Grammatical aspect Lexical aspect Implicated meaning Perfect + dynamic Completed activity retrospectively viewed Perfect + stative Pre-existing state retrospectively viewed. Progressive + dynamic ongoing activity internally viewed Progressive + stative Temporary state internally viewed The tense of the verb will that implicated meaning to the situation of utterance. Meaning components of verb formsI PRESENT HAVE+-EN/ED BE + -ING work very hard Time of utterance external view I PRESENT HAVE+-EN/ED BE + -ING work very hard Time of utterance external view internal view dynamic activity in retrospect in progress(= at this time I look back at myself in an activity viewed internally as in progress| You PAST HAVE+-EN/ED BE + -ING learn a l ot Remote from external view internal view dynamic processTime of in retrospect in progress utterance (= at that I looked back at you in a process viewed internally as in progress). | Meanings in contextThe distinction in tense between remote (past) and non remote (present) has a typical application in organization information in discourse. Information that is treated as part of the BACKGROUND will tend to be expressed in the past tense. Information that is of current concern, in the FOREGROUND, will be expressed in the present tense. Background scene setting, particularly in stories, is often expressed in the past progressive. In narratives In less technical writing, a similar distinction can be maintained between, present tense for presenting general statements and past tense for specific events. In narrative text, there can also be a general background versus foreground effect associated with different tenses.There is no obvious reason, in terms of narrating the events, why the fate of two people should be described in the past tense and that of another in the present. Within narratives that only use past tense, there is often a background role given to the past progressive and a foreground role for the simple past. In spoken discourse The speaker uses the past progressive for the initial background, or scene-setting, then shifts into the present tense to highlight the salient event in the story and her own internal reaction. Background and foreground information Background information past tense (Specific acts, events, old focus, settings) Foreground information present tense (General statements, facts, new focus, changes).

CoSchedule 2016 10 Huge Milestones + A Lot More Yet to Come

2016 10 Huge Milestones + A Lot More Yet to Come Its that time of year to reflect. And here at , there is a lot to reflect on. In 2016, the Customer Success team: Hosted  21.2k conversations with users +  fans. Published 68 new  help docs. Responded  to most inquiries  in 40 minutes or less! Props to Customer Success! The Marketing team: Reached 125k+ active email subscribers. Gained 1M+ monthly page views. Generated 3,500 monthly trial signups. And we couldnt have done it without an amazing tool to share with marketers like you. So I thought Id  give our Product team a huge thank you, and share with you  some of the huge milestones theyve built into . The developers  and designers behind the scenes at are some of the most amazing people Ive had the opportunity to work with. Theyve done a great job of  making smarter and more holistic in 2016! Lets take a look: 3/8/16 Schedule Pins To Pinterest In The Calendar Where You Organize Everything Else Pinterest scheduling was your #1 most-requested feature at the beginning of 2016! So it was a ton of fun to  include  the functionality to schedule Pins to Pinterest alongside your other social networks like Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, Google+, and Tumblr. Pinning consistently is a key part of success on Pinterest. Now you can Pin more often while saving time as you strategically plan your Pinterest posting schedule. You can even connect  multiple accounts and all the boards for those accounts, too! Pinterest scheduling makes a great way to consolidate your toolset. ;)Did you know you can schedule Pins to Pinterest with ?4/12/16 Post To Every Social Network At The Best Time (w/out The Manual  Busywork) Posting to social media at the best times will increase your engagement. And  in 2016,  we crunched the data (so you dont have to) and uncovered the best times to post on every social network. Then we built that into for ya! Best Time Scheduling takes the guesswork out of knowing when to post. Its a win-win: You automatically post at the best times to increase your engagement and get your time back to focus on doing the work you really love (instead of tedious tasks). Its pretty simple. And extremely powerful. I think about it like this: When you automate the mechanics, you save time you can  use better on more important work. Thats the beauty of Best Time Scheduling in .Automagically post at the best times for every social network with !4/26/16 Schedule Dozens Of Messages In A Few Easy Minutes With Social Templates After  you started using the social queue in , many  of you requested a way to save your queue as a reusable template. That was a great idea (so thanks for suggesting it!). Social Templates  was a super fun project to launch in 2016 to help you eliminate the tedious process of manual social media scheduling. Here are a few great use cases that are perfect for  Social Templates: You always share the blog posts you publish. Create a reusable Social Template to consistently share your blog posts on all of your social networks more than once. Do you host a Twitter chat? Social Templates make it easy to focus on writing great questions rather than manually scheduling the Tweets for every chat. Maybe now is the best time to start one! Hosting webinars? Promote your signup pages easily with a specific template for webinars. Do you write  guest blog posts? Share that content with your following consistently with a Social Template for your guest posts. Save tons of time  by scheduling social media messages in bulk with Social Templates!Schedule social messages in bulk with Social Templates from !6/21/16 Organize Your Social Campaigns All In 1  Place Youve got events, contests, blog posts, landing pages, and a whole lot more to share on social media. Soooo. Instead of managing a single social message as a project, isnt it easier to manage a campaign as a project? Thats the big idea behind Social Campaigns: The perfect way to organize a group of social media messages into a single project your entire team can collaborate on. You get a birds eye view of everything involved in a campaign, making it easy to review all of the messages quickly. You can even create custom workflows for your campaigns and  discuss right in (eliminating endless email CCs, thank goodness).Organize social media projects in 1 place with Social Campaigns in !10/13/16 Organize Your  Social Video Projects To Get Even More Engagement Its not a secret people love watching video on social media in 2016. So we wanted to make it easier than ever for you to plan, organize, execute, and schedule  video content to your social networks. Cue: Social Video. ^ See what I did there? ;) Now you can manage social video projects right in the marketing calendar where you manage everything else. Simply upload your videos and share them to all your social networks. This works amazingly well with other features like Social Campaigns, Social Templates, and Best Time Scheduling. Youll organize everything + increase your engagement!Organize your social video projects + get more engagement with !10/20/16  Tag Facebook Pages And Twitter Handles To Boost Engagement Social Tagging was another HUGE request from you in 2016! So it was a blast to see it come to life in your favorite marketing calendar this year. ;) Now you can search for Facebook Pages and Twitter handles as you write your social media messages. Forget about jumping to the social networks (or worse- guessing and getting it wrong)! Just type your @ and the first characters of the social profile. will intelligently search for the tag for you!Tag Facebook Pages and Twitter handles with !10/25/16 Prove The ROI Of The Work You Do With Social Analytics When you heard we were going to build social media analytics into , tons of you told us: I would use social engagement analytics to decide what content to re-share and decide what to write more of. That was excellent feedback to help us build the best kinds of social media analytics into your marketing calendar! Now youll: Measure  the success of every social media message you share. Its awesome to see which messages get the most comments, shares, and likes so you know whats working (and whats not). Never question the results of your hard work! You create tons of value with  your social media strategy, and now you can easily prove the ROI of the work you do to your boss/clients (and yourself). Discover trends with your content, specific social media messages, networks, and more. Do it all without the time-suck and stress by monitoring  your performance  in one place where you manage everything else. Its pretty awesome to see and compare your performance across your content, networks, and messages in one convenient place.Prove the ROI of the work you do with Social Analytics in !11/01/16 All-New Content Creator And User Experience has always  focused on  helping you organize your content + social media projects. With the new content creator, you got the chance to organize everything even easier than before. Now you can hide things youre not working on (or needing to see) to clean up your digital workspace. And collaboration is even easier than ever before with improved workflows and task management. Organize every marketing project with  Google Docs, Evernote, WordPress, and the all-new built-in editor. And now you can also upload files for any other kind of project, too- like Microsoft word, image files, and more. Work smarter with the new content editor in !11/08/16 Automatically Re-Share Your Social Messages With ReQueue ReQueue is the most intelligent way to automate your social media. It  helps you craft your social media messages  once, then  automatically fills in the gaps in your posting schedule. Lets just say you want to send 15 tweets a day to your Twitter account, but you only have five scheduled for today. ReQueue will find the missing 10 gaps, and re-share 10  tweets (youve strategically selected) at the best times for engagement. Talk about maximizing your time, effort, and content! This was a super fun project for us because we beta tested the  feature,  looked for your feedback, and  rebuilt it even better based on your expectations. Thanks again for  helping us build the product you need to organize all of your social media + content! With ReQueue, youll: Set it and forget it! Youll craft  your messages, add them to ReQueue, and automatically share. Get more mileage out of your social media messages. You put time into  creating your social media content, and now youll get bigger results from your effort. Automatically reuse your best social media messages. ReQueue takes the guesswork out of knowing how often to post every day by doing it for you with the content youve chosen (based on analytics). Easily re-promote your evergreen content. Some content is timeless, and more social shares can help that classic content reach a larger audience. Now youll  craft your social media messages once,  organize them in a ReQueue group, and will automatically re-share that content at the best times for engagement! Automatically re-share your social media messages with !11/30/16 Schedule Instagram Posts (Alongside Everything Else) Many of you requested a way to schedule your posts to Instagram. Our product designers and developers  took your  feedback and built the  mobile app that makes scheduling to Instagram a breeze. Thanks! Those gals and guys  love building the features youve requested. ;) With Instagram scheduling in , youll: Quit forgetting to post on Instagram! Now youll  get push notifications when its time to post. Schedule Instagram messages alongside all of your other social networks. Its the best way to manage multiple social media accounts in one place. Go from haphazard to strategic. Plan your Instagram posting schedule well in advance to strategize your content and post it at the best times for engagement. Collaborate more efficiently than ever on Instagram projects. Your team will work together better than ever with customizable workflows, discussion, and one version of truth. When you combine Instagram scheduling with ReQueue and a drag-and-drop editorial calendar, you have the most complete social media publishing tool in the world.Consolidate your toolset with Instagram Scheduling in !  + A Lot Of Other Enhancements Happened Throughout 2016 The Product team that builds also put a ton of effort into making faster and easier to use. You may have noticed improvements here and there, which is something  they do all the time. In fact, the Product team  pushed new code to nearly every business day in 2016. For you, that means a product that never grows stagnant and one that constantly  iterates and improves. Im sending a big thank you (just one more time!) to the Product team that makes all of this excitement possible. You guys and gals are awesome! + A Lot More Is Yet To Come In 2017 Looking back on 2016 has been a lot of fun. But Im even more excited looking forward to 2017. Tons of amazing #SocialMedia functionality came to in 2016. And since has always been about organizing content + social better than ever In 2017, you can expect Custom content types  to help you plan, organize,  and execute even more marketing projects in one  place. Speaking of marketing projects soon youll have an even more advanced way to manage multiple pieces of content as marketing campaigns. Analytics will continue to grow with more reports for team management and content publishing. Email marketing to help you execute your campaigns better than ever in the marketing calendar where you manage everything else. Approval workflows to help you execute projects faster w/out time-sucking  hangups. What marketing projects will you organize in 2017?