TKAM Racism Essay Essay Example for Free

TKAM Racism Essay EssayI down a dream that hotshot day, little bootleg boys and girls will be holding hands with little white boys and girls. Martin Luther King Jr., 1963. Racism is one of the worlds major issues today. Many people are not aware(p) of how racism affects our schools, jobs, and social networks. Justice is determined plumly justice can be dark-skinned, either escapes are tre take ind equally all leads are not tempered equally, society provides for equality society creates equality. Justice is determined fairly justice can be biased. Justice is determined fairly means no matter what subspecies the person is. Justice will be served not based on the race, sin color, etc. Justice can be biased means that person race, skin color, eye color, etc. will affect the outcome of the situation either positively or negatively.In the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Tom Robinson is accused of the raping a white girl, Mayella Ewell. Bob Ewell, the father, really just beat her and put the blame on Robinson because before the beating occurred, Robinson was here, helping Mayella. In the courtroom, the judge and jury members all were white. Of course, they were biased towards Robinson, because he is foul. They found him guilty of raping Mayella, even though there were clears signs that bob Ewell beat Mayella. The only reason Robinson was thrown and twisted in prison was because the white jury members were existence prejudice. Just because of his skin color, they found guilty.It wouldnt be biased if only the jury were not all white people. If it were people of all race and nationality, then the verdict decided would be a little bit more fairly. Justice would have been served untold more equally. Boo Radley from the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, is another person who had face never having justice until saving Jem and Scout. Boo has been locked in a basement and has faced emotional abuse from Mr. Radley and Nathan Radley. Boo had never done anything. Mr . Radley got boo locked up by saying that he was killing all(prenominal)body and nobody has ever seen him since. People have made up ridiculous stories and descriptions of boo, even when they do not even know him or his story. They described him having yellow and rotten teeth and that he ate squirrels with his raw hands. Everyone assumed that he was nasty, veil and scary.But when Jem and Scout were rescued by Boo, things changed. Justice was made by the accomplishment Boo had done, not by the rumors heard. If the rumors were not made in the first place, people would not have doubted Boo. All races are treated equally all races are not treated equally. All races are treated equally means that each race is treated as equal as the next There is no heyday and bottom race. Every race is treated with the same amount of respect. All races are not treated equally means that there is always passing play to be at least one face that is not treated fairly as another. Not all races make up the same treatment every race will always be looked at differently from one another.In the movie, Every Other, Charles M. Byrd explained that disastrous in the day, Europeans have promoted political order of business of the knuckle down trade. Political agenda basically means to promote one face oer another. The Europeans were saying that they were better than African people and that Is the reason why they are slaves Them promoting political agenda influenced others to do the same. It also promoted people to buy slaves. Africans being slaves were already enough, but to promote political agenda had crossed the line. Obviously, this shows that all faces are definitely not treated equally. If there were no slaves at all, in the first place, then races would have been treated more equally than they were then, and now. Political agenda was promoted only because of Europeans. All races are treated unequally because of people thinking they are better than others.Police officers are mor e likely to pull over black people. In the movie, Susan Graham discussed with her mixed son about Driving While Black. Driving While Black came from African Americans complaining about police force officers pulling them over or no reason just because they are black. One example said in the movie was if an officer sees a black man dressed as a bum, driving a nice car, the officer will think that he stole it, and pull him over. That is racial profiling. racial profiling is a type of discrimination, basically blaming person for breaking the law, based on their race or cultural background as the reason. In the case, it is treating black people unfairly by assuming they had done something illegal because of their skin color. What is amazing is that only black people get his kind of treatment. Only black people are getting treated unequally in this case, and also others. Just because of their skin color, police automatically think they have done something bad.Having being treated equally , cops would not stop a black person driving. Society provides for equality society creates inequalities. Society provides for equality means that society treats every race equally and that society allows for every race to be equal. It also means that society provides everything for races to stay equal. Society creates inequalities simply means society is not fair to all the races.Some races get the special treatment from society, and others do not. Society creates all the drama between races. In the article, it says that some groups are assigned to consummate(a) low status, whole others were permitted access to privilege, power, and wealth. The reason to that is because society gives the privilege, power, and wealth to that certain race. A race cannot just get all that for no reason. Society is the one who will pick and chooses at who will get special treatment. Usually, the skin color will affect that decision. To exemplify, white people are usually the ones to get better opportu nities and treatment than the back people. Society causes all the problems and tension between races.Drama is also caused by society between races comparing and contrasting which race is better. That gives others reasons to discriminate against a certain race, giving one access to privilege, power, and wealth. If society had not compared and contrasted who was better, then no certain race would be assigned to gross(a) low status. No certain race would be granted access to privilege, power and wealth. Society judges people for everything they may have, such as race, hair color, or skin color. Unequal populations of Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans are because of society. The slave trade has made society look more into the differences between the three races. Society was basically saying that African Americans were slaves because they are so much more different from Europeans and Native Americans because of their dark skin and frizzy, kinky hair.Society is the one who set t he race up for discrimination. By pointing out their major differences, they have influenced Europeans and Native Americans to think they are better than African Americans and that they are the only ones to receive all the privilege, power, and wealth. And that African Americans was the group to perpetual low status. Society created that inequality for African Americans. Society had caused the inequality for black people and others also too because by discriminating and disrespectfully those of the African descent. All races are actually not treated equally, society creates the inequalities, and justice can be biased. People are judged every day, everywhere by their race, skin color, eye color, etc. Racism is a major issue and not many people know it. Society takes a huge subdivision in racism. Racism can be stopped, only if people would realize that everybody was bornequally.

Which Sport is More Dangerous Essay Example for Free

Which Sport is More Dangerous EssayHave you ever wondered if football is a more dangerous sport than soccer? Football is a contact sport. You butt get tackled in football but you cant get tackled in soccer. Youre more prone to get wound in football than you are in soccer. A higher number of injuries result in contact sports. To help prevent injuries, both sports have rules that practice the use of safety equipmentAccording to an article I read Early Days of association football by Robert Pruter the beginning of soccer in schools started because too many another(prenominal) deaths and injuries happened in football. Football was considered a very dangerous and violent sport during 1905. At that time many colleges were dropping football and turning to soccer. Soccer was not only considered a less dangerous sport but a more democratic sport that allowed many more students to enjoy the benefits of an open-air physiologic exercise in a non-brutal sport. Soccer is now probably th e fastest growing sport in this country especially for girls and women. Millions of kids are joining offspring soccer leagues and there are thousands of teens on high school soccer teams.Obviously, some sports are more dangerous than others. People can get legal injury in all types of sports. Injuries can happen from falls, from being hit by an object, sprains and strains, collisions, concussions, or from trauma to a body part. Although, most injuries happen in sports that want contact and collisions.Football and soccer are trying to make their equipment safer for the players. There are also rules to protect the players. In football a player can tackle someone but they cant take the player down by the facemask or they cant tackle them head to head. Quarterbacks cannot be hit after they have thrown the ball unless they are within one step of a defensive player at the time of the throw. Soccer also has some strict rules against taking a player down, challenging the ball from behind , or kicking a players legs out from underneath him. Also, players cannot touch or try to kick the ball from a goalie once the goalie has the ball. Players who dont follow these rules are penalized.

Marketing Plan for Mitsubishi Smart Fridge

Marketing Plan for Mitsubishi Smart FridgeProduct/ Business IdeaMissionThe mission of Mitsubishi shining electric refrigerator is to encourage the household with innovative technologies, products that design that improves their lives and contribute to a socially responsible and sustainable future. The products will provide convenient, efficiency and knowing technology which covers the function of profits access, farm animal control and food management function. The product is deliver promise of the Internet of Things.SMART objectivesThe specific objective of the smart electric refrigerator for the primary course of study is to create sentience and fix the consumers about the introduction of smart fridge and its advantages as it is new to the market. Besides, it is buns that the smart fridge squeeze out receive at least 1,000 pre- secernates after the aw beness and educate program within six months, as well as improve the total sales by 30% after two years launched. Thr ough the awareness and education program, customers will make known with the smart fridge and this then can reducing the additive cost for advertising by 20% such as advertisements and strengthen the position of the new Mitsubishi smart fridge against the other brand. The overall budget for the awareness and education program was used up to S$50,000.It is estimate that after two years launched, each month can sell 1,000 units of smart fridge to the private household who stay at private or landed properties via developer as a mediator. It is targeted the sales of smart fridge growth by 30% after two years launched and 35% 45% of sales for the following years. The total sales figures that are measurable for the business are between S$100,000 S$500,000 dollars.The objectives that are set must be achievable and feasible to achieve by the company. First year, the company create awareness program and educate their customers as it is new to the market. The program educates stack on ho w to use the smart fridge to make their lives easier and connected with the fridge everywhere and anytime. Besides, the company can sustain and liaise with the private properties developer for the new building job and target those new household who will move in and stay at private properties and marketing in a bulk quantity with some discounts such as 300 units of smart fridge for total 500 households who will stay at those private properties. It is about 60% of the sales target at one property area. Moreover, the company should provide training and development program for their employees in order to better understand their main purpose of the smart fridge and how well of the smart fridge function before they can promote to the customers,Based on research, the market demand for the electrical appliances and housewares grow by 5.9% in 2012 and 6.8% in 2013.It is important to provide timing for each objective in order to be achieving within the time bound. As smart fridge is new for market and consumers are unfamiliar with it. Therefore, it is important to create awareness program in the first year to introduce and make the consumers aware of the products. The next following year, company should educate their consumers on how the smart fridge can improve the lives more convenient and efficient. For the third year, the company should have return profits and value margin for total 40% of the total sales and hold 25% of the market share.Mitsubishi smart fridge is a new to the business within the established markets and is considered as additions to existing product lines. The new functions have included in the fridge such as the interactive screen install at the fridge door that provide function of internet access and inventory control. Mitsubishi smart fridge is a premium product whose target group, medium to upper level household people whose stay at private properties with high standard of life and industrious working. This target group normally has relativel y medium to high income since the pricing for the smart fridge is slightly higher than normal fridge. The main competitor is Samsung with its well-established products and unafraid positive image and reputation in the marketplace.Nowadays, the image of the company is created and made known by its customers. Therefore, the success of the business is depend on how well they can meet the diverse customers needs and wants by treating each customer as unique and offering the products that meet and instance their needs and wants. arrangement StatementPositioning Statement for Mitsubishi Fridge in SingaporeIn order to improve the lives of Singapore families, Mitsubishi is the electronics that offers customers convenient and faster result. Mitsubishi smart fridge is a new products in the market and considered quality and premium smart fridge with internet access and inventory control function.Mitsubishi smart fridge is target medium to upper class households by improving their lives easie r, convenient and efficiency with smart, connected and ambient technology. There are many benefits and advantages that can provided by the smart fridge. Firstly, the smart fridge can connect remotely with smartphone and tablet and allows the user to search recipes and other cooking info that are teaching in step-by step. For whos seldom cooking, it is convenient for them just checking the recipes and starts their cooking. Besides, the smart fridge include food management function that also can use smartphone to check the ingredients left at heart and give the idea to buy the ingredients for cooking when the people are not in home.Moreover, it can provide information for the user for running low on certain items inside the fridge. The smart fridge also closely monitored the food that are sensitive to spoiling and record the dare and keep intersect when the foods are removed or disappear from the fridge and the expiry dates. This function encourages the users for well planning on ho w to use the food that are closely expiry to castrate wastage and additional food costs.Currently, smart fridge is still not introduce by others fridge brands that are selling in Singapore. Only oversea country, there have this types of smart fridge. So, it is the competitive advantages compare to other brands that are still consider normal fridge and cant even allow internet access and inventory control. As standard of living is getting higher and higher and some parts of lives are replace by technology. Most people have their own smartphone and can connect by 7 days and 24 hours. Thus, the smart fridge which included the function of internet access and inventory control can allow the user who is busy working planning their cooking menus and frequently check their fridge ingredients on their leisure time.Mitsubishi smart fridge offers and installs equipment such as interactive screen installs at the door that can connected directly with the internet and food management function t o keep track the expiry dates and ingredients left inside the fridge for better planning to creates green environment by reduce wastage and save additional food costs. This can suit the needs and wants of consumers and advices them better for saving.

Differences in classical and modern rhetoric

Differences in classical and modern hot airDifferences in classical and modern rhetorichistoric exclusivelyy rhetoric has been studied and argued by philosophers, educators and mankind in cosmopolitan, all in an effort to offer proof of the true subject matter of the word. It has been accepted by all that rhetoric is a form of communication. Whether it is considered an art of using language in a telling manner or it is the clever misuse of words to profit trust and to persuade, can only be determined by an individuals perception and interpretation of the words they hear (Elliot Aronson, 1992). The definition of rhetoric is as simple as the art of persuasion, but what makes rhetoric telling is the instruction it is applied. In order to use rhetoric in pen and in deliverance, the importation of rhetoric and its purpose mustiness be intelligibly understood. palaver involves more than just what is written, but how it is arranged. Other writing tactics also argon apply to ma ke rhetoric what it is. Rhetoric can be described as the art of telling, eloquent, and ingratiatory writing and or deliverance of a speech. The use of rhetoric ages back to the quantifys of the ancient Hellenic. Plato, a famous Greek philosopher, saw rhetoric only useful and admir able if it was an expression of truth. Aristotle, another Greek philosopher, disagreed. He felt that rhetoric was focused on the invention of the argument. In Aristotle s crest of view, the argument was meant to seek the truth and also appeal to reason, ethics, and emotion. Although both of the gravid philosophers saw rhetoric in two slightly different aspects, it was still used to persuade an audience (Anthony Pratkanis, 1992).For many people, the word rhetoric conjures up images of doubletalk policy-making or advertizement language used to befuddle and confuse its audience. This common usage of the word causes problems for the serious modern student of rhetoric, because the term can legitimatel y be defined, as it is in my Random House phraseologyary, as the undue use of exaggeration or display concerned with mere style or effect. However, this is not the only, or even the primary, definition of the word. Its simply the one with which most people are familiar, and its currency can cause difficulty for someone implicated in the discipline of rhetoric (Elliot Aronson, 1992).Such a problem didnt always exist. As one of the classical liberal arts, rhetoric, along with its sister arts grammar (not what we ejaculate grammar, but more akin to the modern discipline of semantics) and dialectic (a system of learned disputation similar to what we now call informal logic), was one of split of the trivium, the foundation of education in classical and medieval times. Thus it is that my Random House dictionary defines rhetoric also as the art of influencing the thought and consume of an audience through the use of effective language. In this, its primary use, the term rhetoric ha s been approximately for over 2500 years. In fact, rhetoric was an important part of a European education right into this century (Anthony Pratkanis, 1992).Classical rhetoric is important because it established the basic theories of persuasion that were taught until this century. These theories still hold true today, and we can stick better, more persuasive communicators if we adhere to the best of them. If you stop and think about it for a minute, you go forth note that the most influential and powerful people in our society are good communicators. Politicians who make our laws are generally excellent speakers. People whom you admire (outside of sports) are often good communicators (George A. Kennedy, 1999).Rhetoric is not moderate to any particular discipline as a method of analysis, it can be applied, for mannikin, to political talk over, though it is not political science to literary works, though it is not literary criticism and to scientific handling, though it is not s cience (Anthony Pratkanis, 1992). In fact, whenever we use discourse to enchant someone elses actions or thoughts, in whatsoever field, we are using, often without realizing it, ancient principles of rhetoric. Thus the discourse of any field whitethorn be fruitfully studied, not for the quality of its politics, literature, or science, but for its rhetorical significance and effectiveness (George A. Kennedy, 1999).Quintilian was a Latin scholar who used five different elements to perfect the art of rhetoric. These five steps helped the speaker or actor use rhetoric to its fullest. Inventio is the first of the five elements, and is the Latin word for invention. The radical is to first recognize what kind of audience the essay or speech is say at, and then invent arguments that appeal to the audience ethically, logically, and or emotionally. Dispositio is the second element, which means arrangement in Latin (Anthony Pratkanis, 1992). In order for an argument to be effective it mu st be arranged properly. The third element in Quintilian s arrangement is Elocutio. In Latin, Elocutio, means style. This is the way the author or speaker uses diction and syntax. Memoria, which is the fourth element, is Latin for memory. This element is necessary for effective speeches, but it not a vital element in essays and other writings (George A. Kennedy, 1999). When a speech is memorized it flows more smoothly, and doesn t allow unintended breaks to distract the audience. The last of the five elements is pronuntiatio. In Latin this is the word for delivery. In writing this is the tone in which the author uses in his writing, where as, in speech it is the speaker s voice and his gestures that matter (Mark Robson, 2007).Although Quintilian s five elements help a person compose a rhetorical essay or speech, they do not include certain(p) schemes that construct rhetoric. A few of the basic schemes of rhetoric are parallelism, anaphora, and climax. These schemes help enhance pers uasive arguments. Parallelism is the arrangement of a series of related words. An example of this is found in Abraham Lincoln s second inaugural address. It states, with malice toward none with philanthropy for all with firmness in the right Anaphora is the repeated use of the same group of words used to begin successive sentences or clauses. An example of this can be found in Ecclesiastes 31-2. For everything there is a season, and a time for every matter under heaven a time to be born, and a time to die a time to plant, and a time to pluck up what is planted Climax is the way words and sentences are arranged to imply the order of rising events that led to the magnitude of the story. An example of this is in Melville s novel, Moby Dick (Mark Robson, 2007).Despite Augustine, the so-called Rhetorica ad Herennium, or Rhetoric written for friend Herennius and called in later medieval and Renaissance times the refreshful rhetoric, to distinguish it from the old rhetoric represented by Ciceros earliest work, the De inventione (On inventionthe first part of the rhetorical curriculum), became an all-time record hit textbook for the Greek and Roman art of persuasion in the period c.400 1600 A.D (Elliot Aronson, 1992). indite at around the same time as Ciceros De inventione, that is, in the first two decades of the last century B.C., the Rhetoric written for friend Herennius was soon wooly and then rediscovered around 400 A.D. It achieved its premier status because it dealt with the whole rhetorical curriculum (the arriveing of the most appropriate arguments, the arrangement of them, the memorization of them, the delivery of them and the ornamentation of them with graceful figures of speech and thought), and it was written in simple, didactic Latinthe universal learned language of the time. It was also illustrated with easy and relevant examples, many of them composed by the writer himself, who believed that you should illustrate your rhetorical precepts with yo ur own compositions rather than purple passages taken from prior writings (Mark Robson, 2007).The Rhetoric written for friend Herennius, together with certain advanced Greek and Roman textbooks, gathered momentum over the thousand and more years following the Herennius texts rediscovery and even the highly opinionated view of certain late-fifteenth-century rhetorical teachers that it was not by Cicero, did not dent its popularity. By the time the long road from Aristotles textbook on rhetoric and its near-contemporary, anonymous, Rhetoric for horse parsley (fourth century B.C.10) had been traversed the old and the youngfound rhetoric amounted to a pretty formidable arsenal of techniques and practices for constructing truth and persuading others of it (Laura R. Micciche, 2007).Aristotle recognized the value of rhetoric and the manner it could be say to a specific audience. He perceived it as a form of speaking to an audience comprised of ordinary citizens and the idea that it make s use of a common idea or belief shared by the speaker and the audience (enthymeme). He believed that rhetoric was a techno and identified the need to translate characteristics of human emotions and the elements of an argument in order to speak with authority on any given subject. He identified the integrity and believability of a speaker as the key subdivision (Laura R. Micciche, 2007).But what are we today to make of this huge and effective corpus and in what senses can there be today a further new rhetoric? As George Pullman says below, The old rhetoric, it seems, is something difficult to outrun. In this Pullman echoes the statement of Edward P.J.Corbett, who, in his Classical Rhetoric for the raw Student, wrote (Edward P.J Corbett, 1998).The author believes that the elaborate system of the ancients, which taught the student how to find something to say, how to select and organize his material, and how to phrase it in the best possible way, is still useful and effective, perh aps more useful and effective than the various courses of study that replaced it.We may well argue that today all the ancient techniques of persuasion are utilized knowingly or unknowingly in our modern systems of marketing and advertisingthough we do not build into these systems the ethical and moral imperatives that great rhetorical writers of the past, such as Aristotle, Cicero and Quintilian, did. Nor do we make sure that our young are fully familiar with all the techniques of oral and written persuasion that may be available to them, as was common in former times. Here the admonition of Pratkanis and Aronson is very pertinentWe believe that, in an age of propaganda, the most important thing for the survival of democracy is the existence of communicators who know how to present their message clearly and fairly, coupled with an informed electorate that knows the difference between a fair presentation and a con job. It is toward achieving these ends that we wrote this book.Rhetor ic, indeed, is too important to be left to todays marketing experts. Use of the term has expanded enormously in recent times, to include all cultures, genders, classes and even animals. We must ourselves nowadays understand the history and meaning of the word and how it might empower us today to meet and deal effectively with the explosion of new technologies of persuasion and communication, particularly in regard to the new electronic age and the infinite changes and possibilities associated with it. The authors of the present volume are fully aware of the inherited rhetorical tradition and of the changes that must be incorporated into the new rhetoric for our own times (Mark Robson, 2007).A rhetor can use a variety of strategies to communicate the message, or to create the kinds of appeal that will best gesture the audience. The rhetor must engage the audience, gaining their attention and maintaining it in order to reveal the exigence as a problem in the world that the audience c an change. The speaker must then, using only discourse, motivate them to change the situation the discourse has identified (Mark Robson, 2007). Finally, if the rhetor is to be truly effective, he or she must in some way enable or empower the audience to take the action requested. The rhetor must do all this in a subtle way, so that the method of settle the use of the modes of appeal does not call attention to it, but instead allows its effect to be felt directly. Thus the intended audience for a discourse, who are moved to action by its appeals, would be unlikely to analyze how they are being persuaded they will feel convinced, but often are in no position to perceive, much less articulate, how that persuasion has occurred. That role belongs to the rhetorical critic (Laura R. Micciche, 2007).By contrast with the audience, the rhetoricians role is not to be persuaded by the discourse, but to understand how the discourse works to influence its intended hearers. A rhetoricians job is to mine an existing discourse to reveal the underlying strategies and common-sense assumptions upon which the argument has been constructed. Among other questions a rhetorician asks is What view of the world would the audience need in order for this discourse to make sense to them? What assumptions of theirs are being taken for granted?Both the rhetor who constructs the discourse and the rhetorician who analyzes its appeals are assisted by a thorough understanding of rhetorical principles, which are built, like most such theories, from a study of effective practice. A rhetorician who studies, for example, political autobiography, will be able to comment on three distinct levels. First, the rhetorical critic will be able to reveal how the specific discourse under consideration achieves its purpose how it has been adapted to its intended audience, and the nature of the ethos, logos, and pathos appeals it uses. The critic will consider its engagement, motivating, and enabling strat egies. Second, the rhetorici an will be able to comment on the nature of political autobiography as a genre he or she will show how, by comparison with other works in the same genre, the author has adhered to, or departed from, the generic conventions, which have acted as constraints upon the rhetor. The rhetorical critic will point out noteworthy effects of the discourse as a representative of its type, how it conforms to or challenges its generic constraints (Laura R. Micciche, 2007).Finally, this rhetorician can contribute something to the understanding of how in general discursive appeals work to persuade an audience. He or she may even be able to infer broad theoretical principles from the situated instance of discourse that is being studied, considering how it fits into the theoretical framework of the discipline as a whole (George A. Kennedy, 1999).The study of rhetoric, both as a situated art and as a body of theoretical material, is important. It is a critical tool that hel ps us to understand how discourse shapes the way people act or think, not only in the case of situated instances of rhetorical discourse but also in much broader terms. Such study leads to a fuller understanding of how discourse, and particularly persuasive discourse, is able to move an audience.As human beings, as citizens, as teachers and scholars, we use language all the time to modify and influence events in the world around us. Equally, other people use language to influence our thoughts and behavior. It is important for us, as educated people, to know as much as we can about how this influence is affected. Such knowledge is useful not only for its practical benefits, but because it forms a critical and analytical foundation for approaching many of the tasks that face us daily as we construct and respond to the discourse that shapes our experience of the world (George A. Kennedy, 1999).From the time of the ancient Greeks until present, rhetoric has been used effectively in work s of writing and in speeches. Plato, Aristotle, and Quintilian have illustrated the use and tactics of rhetoric wonderfully. Though in the ancient Greeks time rhetoric was meant to be used only to persuade something transparent or seek something truthful, it now it is used heavily by politicians. Although its purpose has somewhat changed over the years, its function has stayed the same.ReferencesAnthony Pratkanis and Elliot Aronson In Age of Propaganda The Everyday Use and maltreatment of Persuasion New York Freeman, 1992.George A. Kennedy Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times The University of North Carolina Press, February 1999.Mark Robson The Sense of Early Modern Writing Rhetoric, Poetics, Aesthetics, Manchester University Press, July 2007.Laura R. Micciche Doing Emotion Rhetoric, Writing, Teaching, Boynton/Cook publisher, August 2007.Edward P.J Corbett Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, New York Oxford University Press , August 1998.

Community Service As Punishment Under The Ipc Criminology Essay

company servicing As Punishment Under The Ipc Criminology rise partnership gain constitute an apologetic reparation that the person is now required to make to the partnership what he has wronged. The Indian punishable Code was the enacted in 1860 by virtue of the classic sanctioned draftsmanship of Lord Macaulay. If at that place would acquit been a concept of alliance redevelopment prevalent at that beat then the authors are sure that there would down been no engage to urge the inclusion of the same in the Indian Penal Code. But since this forcing out by Macaulay is because of no fault of his it is our duty to incorporate such to spiel the demands of the time and to make the IPC a living social document. Section 53 of the IPC2provides for the versatile types of punishments. But these are old and do not meet the exigencies of the present day globalised world. The authors yearn for inclusion of community aid as a personal manner of punishment. Indian draftsmen have not overlooked the necessity of such a restorative mode in recent enactments. We find the inclusion of community divine returns in The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 20003(Section 154).Community service is defined as an order that requires an offender (who must(prenominal) consent and be antiquated at least 16) to perform unpaid work for between 40 and 240 hours below the supervision of a probation officer. Formerly known as aCommunity Service Order. It can also be defined asAcommunityorderwhich requires theoffenderto do unpaid work in the community under the supervision of aprobation officer.5Moreover the work that the offender is required to undertake has some obvious relation to the nature of offence.6History of community serviceThe introductory organized community service program meant trunkatically to be used in place of short prison sentences were established in ad-hoc tail end in California in the 1960s. . Thus community service was indirect al ternative to imprisonment.7In the United Kingdom, Parliament enacted legislation in the early mid-seventies giving the courts specific powers to order community service as a sentencing sanction.8In the early 1980s afterward a series of private vaporize projects the Dutch implemented community service nationwide and evaluators made comparable findings.9It was Lenin10who also stressed on the importance of community service.11Benefits of Community ServiceCommunity service serves the goals of punishment, reparation, restitution and even rehabilitation. It is beneficial to the offenders12, the community13, the victim14and even to the courts.15So community service has both the social and the cognitive benefits. It also serves as an alternative to imprisonment (India has 32 pris geniusrs per 1000 of population. We have 11094.25 lakhs pris unmatchedrs in India as on 31 December 2005)16which is morally reprehensible and indefensible17. Moreover Prisons have proved ineffective in their obj ect of reforming the criminals. Research indicates that about half of all prison inmates are likely to be rearrested and returned to prison, many soon after their release from an institution.18Contamination is the gist of prison life. Prisons are dens of criminality. The unsophisticated offender is compelled to associate with the hardened professional criminals and thereby he learns not only the techniques of committing the discourtesy but also the specific drives, rationalisation and attitudes of crime.19The Community Service Program is intended to add some refinement by requiring the offender to put tail end into society through performing a job for the community.20Not only do offenders need to be addressed as active participants rather than as passive recipient of punishment or treatment, but they also need to be positively motivated to engage in the process of change to lawful lives. Performing work for the community, as well as requiring offenders to pay back to the society helped them realize that they had contribution to make to the society.21Developments in IndiaMacaulay may have not envisaged the need of community service as it was not prevalent at that time. But it first dawned upon India in the 42nd floor22of the honor Commission.23 and then an Amendment board24was introduced in the Parliament25which was passed in the Rajya Sabha but due to the proclamation of emergency it could not be passed in the Lok Sabha and it lapsed. Again the Law Commission in its 156th radical26urged the need to implement community service in Indian Penal system.27Even the Malimath Committee and others28recommended community service as mode of punishment.29Community Service Scheme has also been started in one state i.e. Gujarat and it is an alternate for offences under the Bombay Prohibition Act. Another state i.e. Andhra Pradesh (Prison is a state subject)30has also amended the Penal Code and introduced Community Service as a punishment. This legislation is now pend ing with the Union Government for their concurrence.31Cases and pronouncementsWe have instances where the court has ordered the offender to do community service in lieu of the offence that he has committed. The Delhi High greet asked two businessmen to perform community service with a volunteer organisation for a year as punishment for firing three shots at their friend for fun. Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul, while quashing a first information report (FIR) against the two businessmen Monday, asked Delhi Police not to return their gun for a year.32For sexually harassing a woman on the bus the magistrate asked the offender to write a 25-page essay on eve-teasing and harassment. He was asked to make 500 copies of the essay and distribute them outside schools and colleges.33In probably a first, the Patna High Court has given doubtful bail to two accused in a mobile phone loot case on the condition that they would have to do community service at a local temple thrice a week for six month s.34The Indian Supreme Court though not having argued (even in their obiters) to have community service as a mode of punishment has nevertheless hinted at the importance and need for such type of restorative sanction. in one of the case the court said-A few other weighty factors deserve reference. All deprivation of liberty is validated by social defense and mortal correction along an anti-criminal pedagogy, public justice is central to the whole scheme of bail law. Fleeing justice must be forbidden but punitive moroseness should be minimized. Restorative devices to redeem the man, even through community service, meditative drill, study classes or other resources should be innovated.35The unacceptable anomalyCommunity service was not incorporated in the IPC. The reason fascinates and confuses me. The neo democratic style of non-inclusion is too hard to swallow. The Law Commission of India circulated a letter highlighting the master(prenominal) matters involved in the Penal Code for eliciting views from various quarters.36The letter was sent to Registrars of High Courts, the Home Secretary of the State Governments Union Territories, the President of Supreme Court Bar Association and High Courts Bar Association, National Commission for Human Rights, National Commission for Minorities, National Commission for SC ST, National Womens Commission, State Law Commissions, Police Officers, Advocates, Academicians and some social organisations, Institutions etc.Responses were received from three State Governments, Seven Judges and one Additional Registrar of High Courts, Two Advocates, six-spot Police Officers, One State Law Commission, One Academician and Two organisations (Nirantar and Federation Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry).37Now the recommendation that came out was that the proposed fragment 74 should not and cannot be implemented in India. The report laid-This section contemplates a supervisory authority to see whether the convict is working an d rendering service for the number of hours specified and if he fails to do so by way of default, he has to be sentenced thereafter. We think an open air prison system is remediate suited from the point of view of the correctional measures rather than the proposed punishment of community service.The community service no doubt is another innovation in the direction of correctional methods but as voiced in many workshops it may not be practicable to give an effect to and also may not amount to punishment.The most horrifying aspect of the entire thing is that merely on the views of some of the judges, advocated, academicians, police officers and organizations an innovative and pulsating need of the criminal justice system was not implemented. The authors are unable to find a rational nexus with the reasons given for such non inclusion.Reforms SuggestedWhat the authors want is that is not the inclusion of community service as a form of punishment but the authors want the successful and effective implementation of community service as a form of punishment under the code prepared by the legal acumen of Macaulay.That is the reason we do not recommend to amend the IPC and include community service as a sixth form of punishment immediately as was once tried by the 1976 bill.38It would not be an inclusion as we nowadays find the Indian legislators just amend and insert new provisions39in the enactments without looking at its suitability and implemantability.40The authors intimate an area approach (AA) in the inclusion of community service as a mode of punishment. Firstly few selected areas must be selected which have the resources and concentration of specific crimes occurring in specific areas.Firstly, the Union must select few states and urge them to implement community service programs in few select areas. These areas must be selected by the state themselves with the concurrence of the Union. The areas should be selected on the basis of criterias such as prevalence of petty offences, resources available41etc as decided by the state governments.The authors only intend to suggest that first implementation issues must be dealt with as per the acumen and foresight of the legislature and the executive. Then only we can dream of such a form of sanction. This was one precise lacuna in the 1976 Amendment bill.Beside this lacuna the authors find no other major loophole and feel that the proposed amendment was to a very large extent acceptable. But we suggest that in all the cases where the judge convicts the accused and imposes fine as the only punishment community service should be made compulsory.The other recommendations are as follows-It is recommended that in order to address such problem and increase efficiency, special community service officers be appointed and trained to handle offenders on community service.A lot of publicity should be given to this schemes initiation so that even the grass roots and the have-nots of the society are aware of such a change. The spread of the scheme must not be confined to the legal fraternity and experts. It must not remain a burning topic for the scholars and the academicians to turn over and write scholarly articles and researches. The modes of publicity as newspapers, media and the government. The entire implementation and the process and the procedure of the community service scheme must be available in almost all the recognized languages of India so that the local masses are aware of it. It must be simple and clearly worded.The cooperation of various stakeholders such as the civil servants, the judiciary, the policy-makers and all other relevant stakeholders within the criminal justice system is vital for the process of implementation of the programme as well as for its ongoing sustainability.The implementation of such programme should be seen as the responsibility of every Indian, and endeavor should be made to help it succeed as a new intervention to replace imprisonment.ABSTRAC TThe Indian Penal Code was the enacted in 1860 by virtue of the classic legal draftsmanship of Lord Macaulay. If there would have been a concept of community service prevalent at that time then the authors are sure that there would have been no need to urge the inclusion of the same in the Indian Penal Code. But since this exclusion by Macaulay is because of no fault of his it is our duty to incorporate such to meet the demands of the time and to make the IPC a living social document.The research paper tries to incorporate the needs and the benefits of community service in India. It would then delve upon the legal development of inclusion of community service as mode of punishment. It would be done by scrutinizing the reports of the law commissions, judicial pronouncements and the lapsed bills which urged such a reform.Then authors would suggest concluding the problems in the inclusion and implementation of community service in India and how to overcome these difficulties so that IP C meets the social needs and critics find one issue sorted in criticizing the IPC and its efficacy.

Intimate Encounter Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

Intimate EncounterI needed a weekend away from the all too humdrum existence of casual living. I decided that a good diversion might be to hike the Appalachian Trail for a weekend. After class on Friday, I ran to my car so that I could begin this wonderful divergence from daily life. The place lot at Carvers Gap, my destination, finally came into view as I drove up US 19E. Across the road, a short wooden fence separated me from my wonderful weekend of adventure. From the second I reached the parking lot, I realized that this hike, a commodious way to escape from reality for a weekend, awaited me upon the trail I saw dwindling in the distance. receivable to my college freshman regimen of a bad diet and no exercise, the first bald I climbed winded me. At the summit of this little hill, however, a great vista gently caressed my eyes, as the natural beauty of Tennessee flowed over me. Verdant hills broiled before me, bubbling away into the distance to pop upon the backs of monstrous mo untains. The agreeable aroma of the few vibrant flowers on the flat plateau, and the intoxicating sensation of the breeze pawing at my hair, made the scene picturesque and serene. After gaping in awe for several minute, I turned my back from one beautiful landscape only to find my self at another. The harsh winds of the balds blew around me as I came upon the testaments of the winds power. The tree line appeared as a mass of gnarled, knotted, dead looking trees, the guardians of the forest. The harsh winds had over the years, deformed the trees here at the barrier mingled with the lush forests and the vast plateau behind me. The path wound through the gnarled guardians and the true beauty of my hike soon greeted me. The lush, vibrant fall colourise on th... ... as my hike the day before had. The secluded intimacy of the forest stunned my sense and made me feel as if I were aside of a land no man had before seen. As I passed the guardians of the forest, those gnarled, knotted, cr ooked trees overlooking the balds, I bid them farewell and a thank you also, for protect the secluded interior forest from the harsh winds of the balds. My car squatted in the parking lot like a bug on a blackened, cooled, lava flow. I fear going back to my normal life after enjoying a weekend of such freedom and pleasure. Duties and obligations began to flitter though my mind as I at once again began to think like an insect in a hive. I looked back over my shoulder, fondly remembering the freedom the wonderful weekend blithesome me with, and vowed that I would once again return to experience the pleasure and seclusion that lay hidden therein.

The Cuban Revolution and the Triumph of Women in Cuba Essay examples --

Fidel Castro and the M-26-7 successfully seized power of Cubas government in 1959, after years of fighting. The M-26-7s flag-waving(a) movement was able to knock the corrupt leader, Fulgencio Batista, out of power, and in 1961 Castro deemed the alteration to be officially of a Marxist nature. Throughout his 40-year stay as president, Castro has non allowed his revolution to stall, but rather he has allowed it to progress and adapt as he has seen fit. In relation with Castros revolution in Cuba has been another revolution, that of the Cuban women. Castro himself described the changes in womens public and private lives as a revolution within a revolution. In a true system of rules of equality, as in the one Castro h honest-to-goodnesss as his ideal, equality reaches all people across all lines whether they are lines of race, class, or gender.Throughout Castros campaign, starting in 1953 with the failed Moncada attack, Castro has used historic referenciality to appeal to the Cuban p opulation. Castros most often mentioned historical figure is no other than the national hero, Jos securities industry. While Marts view on women is suspect to debate, his opinion on equality is very clear. Mart once said, Respect for the freedom and ideas of others, of even the most distressing being, is my fanaticism. When I die, or if I am killed, it will be because of that. The crux of this prophetic quote was borrowed by Castro on a broader level when he attain power and based his entire social structure on equality.Women in pre-revolutionary CubaGender differences were enormous in Cuba before the Cuban revolution. The prototypical woman of the old republic according to a leading journalist of the revolution, Mirta Rodrguez Caldern, was Yina the prostitute. A poor wo... ...reignty against the colonizers who exterminated the auctoctonous population, of the interventionists who sought to take up our Island, of the dictators and governments in power under the ignominious servi tude of transnational mandates impoverishing the country. Resolute and brave women patriots engaged in every necessary period of the war for national liberation. When the people took power, women identified the starting revolution, as their take Revolution, which immediately established education and medical care services free for all without distinction, the land and urban reforms, measures of greatly popular benefits made it clear what the revolution intended to do, and therefore they embraced at once, participating intensively in all construction and defense works of the new society that opened its doors with all the rights and opportunities they neer had before.