Differences in classical and modern rhetoric

Differences in classical and modern hot airDifferences in classical and modern rhetorichistoric exclusivelyy rhetoric has been studied and argued by philosophers, educators and mankind in cosmopolitan, all in an effort to offer proof of the true subject matter of the word. It has been accepted by all that rhetoric is a form of communication. Whether it is considered an art of using language in a telling manner or it is the clever misuse of words to profit trust and to persuade, can only be determined by an individuals perception and interpretation of the words they hear (Elliot Aronson, 1992). The definition of rhetoric is as simple as the art of persuasion, but what makes rhetoric telling is the instruction it is applied. In order to use rhetoric in pen and in deliverance, the importation of rhetoric and its purpose mustiness be intelligibly understood. palaver involves more than just what is written, but how it is arranged. Other writing tactics also argon apply to ma ke rhetoric what it is. Rhetoric can be described as the art of telling, eloquent, and ingratiatory writing and or deliverance of a speech. The use of rhetoric ages back to the quantifys of the ancient Hellenic. Plato, a famous Greek philosopher, saw rhetoric only useful and admir able if it was an expression of truth. Aristotle, another Greek philosopher, disagreed. He felt that rhetoric was focused on the invention of the argument. In Aristotle s crest of view, the argument was meant to seek the truth and also appeal to reason, ethics, and emotion. Although both of the gravid philosophers saw rhetoric in two slightly different aspects, it was still used to persuade an audience (Anthony Pratkanis, 1992).For many people, the word rhetoric conjures up images of doubletalk policy-making or advertizement language used to befuddle and confuse its audience. This common usage of the word causes problems for the serious modern student of rhetoric, because the term can legitimatel y be defined, as it is in my Random House phraseologyary, as the undue use of exaggeration or display concerned with mere style or effect. However, this is not the only, or even the primary, definition of the word. Its simply the one with which most people are familiar, and its currency can cause difficulty for someone implicated in the discipline of rhetoric (Elliot Aronson, 1992).Such a problem didnt always exist. As one of the classical liberal arts, rhetoric, along with its sister arts grammar (not what we ejaculate grammar, but more akin to the modern discipline of semantics) and dialectic (a system of learned disputation similar to what we now call informal logic), was one of split of the trivium, the foundation of education in classical and medieval times. Thus it is that my Random House dictionary defines rhetoric also as the art of influencing the thought and consume of an audience through the use of effective language. In this, its primary use, the term rhetoric ha s been approximately for over 2500 years. In fact, rhetoric was an important part of a European education right into this century (Anthony Pratkanis, 1992).Classical rhetoric is important because it established the basic theories of persuasion that were taught until this century. These theories still hold true today, and we can stick better, more persuasive communicators if we adhere to the best of them. If you stop and think about it for a minute, you go forth note that the most influential and powerful people in our society are good communicators. Politicians who make our laws are generally excellent speakers. People whom you admire (outside of sports) are often good communicators (George A. Kennedy, 1999).Rhetoric is not moderate to any particular discipline as a method of analysis, it can be applied, for mannikin, to political talk over, though it is not political science to literary works, though it is not literary criticism and to scientific handling, though it is not s cience (Anthony Pratkanis, 1992). In fact, whenever we use discourse to enchant someone elses actions or thoughts, in whatsoever field, we are using, often without realizing it, ancient principles of rhetoric. Thus the discourse of any field whitethorn be fruitfully studied, not for the quality of its politics, literature, or science, but for its rhetorical significance and effectiveness (George A. Kennedy, 1999).Quintilian was a Latin scholar who used five different elements to perfect the art of rhetoric. These five steps helped the speaker or actor use rhetoric to its fullest. Inventio is the first of the five elements, and is the Latin word for invention. The radical is to first recognize what kind of audience the essay or speech is say at, and then invent arguments that appeal to the audience ethically, logically, and or emotionally. Dispositio is the second element, which means arrangement in Latin (Anthony Pratkanis, 1992). In order for an argument to be effective it mu st be arranged properly. The third element in Quintilian s arrangement is Elocutio. In Latin, Elocutio, means style. This is the way the author or speaker uses diction and syntax. Memoria, which is the fourth element, is Latin for memory. This element is necessary for effective speeches, but it not a vital element in essays and other writings (George A. Kennedy, 1999). When a speech is memorized it flows more smoothly, and doesn t allow unintended breaks to distract the audience. The last of the five elements is pronuntiatio. In Latin this is the word for delivery. In writing this is the tone in which the author uses in his writing, where as, in speech it is the speaker s voice and his gestures that matter (Mark Robson, 2007).Although Quintilian s five elements help a person compose a rhetorical essay or speech, they do not include certain(p) schemes that construct rhetoric. A few of the basic schemes of rhetoric are parallelism, anaphora, and climax. These schemes help enhance pers uasive arguments. Parallelism is the arrangement of a series of related words. An example of this is found in Abraham Lincoln s second inaugural address. It states, with malice toward none with philanthropy for all with firmness in the right Anaphora is the repeated use of the same group of words used to begin successive sentences or clauses. An example of this can be found in Ecclesiastes 31-2. For everything there is a season, and a time for every matter under heaven a time to be born, and a time to die a time to plant, and a time to pluck up what is planted Climax is the way words and sentences are arranged to imply the order of rising events that led to the magnitude of the story. An example of this is in Melville s novel, Moby Dick (Mark Robson, 2007).Despite Augustine, the so-called Rhetorica ad Herennium, or Rhetoric written for friend Herennius and called in later medieval and Renaissance times the refreshful rhetoric, to distinguish it from the old rhetoric represented by Ciceros earliest work, the De inventione (On inventionthe first part of the rhetorical curriculum), became an all-time record hit textbook for the Greek and Roman art of persuasion in the period c.400 1600 A.D (Elliot Aronson, 1992). indite at around the same time as Ciceros De inventione, that is, in the first two decades of the last century B.C., the Rhetoric written for friend Herennius was soon wooly and then rediscovered around 400 A.D. It achieved its premier status because it dealt with the whole rhetorical curriculum (the arriveing of the most appropriate arguments, the arrangement of them, the memorization of them, the delivery of them and the ornamentation of them with graceful figures of speech and thought), and it was written in simple, didactic Latinthe universal learned language of the time. It was also illustrated with easy and relevant examples, many of them composed by the writer himself, who believed that you should illustrate your rhetorical precepts with yo ur own compositions rather than purple passages taken from prior writings (Mark Robson, 2007).The Rhetoric written for friend Herennius, together with certain advanced Greek and Roman textbooks, gathered momentum over the thousand and more years following the Herennius texts rediscovery and even the highly opinionated view of certain late-fifteenth-century rhetorical teachers that it was not by Cicero, did not dent its popularity. By the time the long road from Aristotles textbook on rhetoric and its near-contemporary, anonymous, Rhetoric for horse parsley (fourth century B.C.10) had been traversed the old and the youngfound rhetoric amounted to a pretty formidable arsenal of techniques and practices for constructing truth and persuading others of it (Laura R. Micciche, 2007).Aristotle recognized the value of rhetoric and the manner it could be say to a specific audience. He perceived it as a form of speaking to an audience comprised of ordinary citizens and the idea that it make s use of a common idea or belief shared by the speaker and the audience (enthymeme). He believed that rhetoric was a techno and identified the need to translate characteristics of human emotions and the elements of an argument in order to speak with authority on any given subject. He identified the integrity and believability of a speaker as the key subdivision (Laura R. Micciche, 2007).But what are we today to make of this huge and effective corpus and in what senses can there be today a further new rhetoric? As George Pullman says below, The old rhetoric, it seems, is something difficult to outrun. In this Pullman echoes the statement of Edward P.J.Corbett, who, in his Classical Rhetoric for the raw Student, wrote (Edward P.J Corbett, 1998).The author believes that the elaborate system of the ancients, which taught the student how to find something to say, how to select and organize his material, and how to phrase it in the best possible way, is still useful and effective, perh aps more useful and effective than the various courses of study that replaced it.We may well argue that today all the ancient techniques of persuasion are utilized knowingly or unknowingly in our modern systems of marketing and advertisingthough we do not build into these systems the ethical and moral imperatives that great rhetorical writers of the past, such as Aristotle, Cicero and Quintilian, did. Nor do we make sure that our young are fully familiar with all the techniques of oral and written persuasion that may be available to them, as was common in former times. Here the admonition of Pratkanis and Aronson is very pertinentWe believe that, in an age of propaganda, the most important thing for the survival of democracy is the existence of communicators who know how to present their message clearly and fairly, coupled with an informed electorate that knows the difference between a fair presentation and a con job. It is toward achieving these ends that we wrote this book.Rhetor ic, indeed, is too important to be left to todays marketing experts. Use of the term has expanded enormously in recent times, to include all cultures, genders, classes and even animals. We must ourselves nowadays understand the history and meaning of the word and how it might empower us today to meet and deal effectively with the explosion of new technologies of persuasion and communication, particularly in regard to the new electronic age and the infinite changes and possibilities associated with it. The authors of the present volume are fully aware of the inherited rhetorical tradition and of the changes that must be incorporated into the new rhetoric for our own times (Mark Robson, 2007).A rhetor can use a variety of strategies to communicate the message, or to create the kinds of appeal that will best gesture the audience. The rhetor must engage the audience, gaining their attention and maintaining it in order to reveal the exigence as a problem in the world that the audience c an change. The speaker must then, using only discourse, motivate them to change the situation the discourse has identified (Mark Robson, 2007). Finally, if the rhetor is to be truly effective, he or she must in some way enable or empower the audience to take the action requested. The rhetor must do all this in a subtle way, so that the method of settle the use of the modes of appeal does not call attention to it, but instead allows its effect to be felt directly. Thus the intended audience for a discourse, who are moved to action by its appeals, would be unlikely to analyze how they are being persuaded they will feel convinced, but often are in no position to perceive, much less articulate, how that persuasion has occurred. That role belongs to the rhetorical critic (Laura R. Micciche, 2007).By contrast with the audience, the rhetoricians role is not to be persuaded by the discourse, but to understand how the discourse works to influence its intended hearers. A rhetoricians job is to mine an existing discourse to reveal the underlying strategies and common-sense assumptions upon which the argument has been constructed. Among other questions a rhetorician asks is What view of the world would the audience need in order for this discourse to make sense to them? What assumptions of theirs are being taken for granted?Both the rhetor who constructs the discourse and the rhetorician who analyzes its appeals are assisted by a thorough understanding of rhetorical principles, which are built, like most such theories, from a study of effective practice. A rhetorician who studies, for example, political autobiography, will be able to comment on three distinct levels. First, the rhetorical critic will be able to reveal how the specific discourse under consideration achieves its purpose how it has been adapted to its intended audience, and the nature of the ethos, logos, and pathos appeals it uses. The critic will consider its engagement, motivating, and enabling strat egies. Second, the rhetorici an will be able to comment on the nature of political autobiography as a genre he or she will show how, by comparison with other works in the same genre, the author has adhered to, or departed from, the generic conventions, which have acted as constraints upon the rhetor. The rhetorical critic will point out noteworthy effects of the discourse as a representative of its type, how it conforms to or challenges its generic constraints (Laura R. Micciche, 2007).Finally, this rhetorician can contribute something to the understanding of how in general discursive appeals work to persuade an audience. He or she may even be able to infer broad theoretical principles from the situated instance of discourse that is being studied, considering how it fits into the theoretical framework of the discipline as a whole (George A. Kennedy, 1999).The study of rhetoric, both as a situated art and as a body of theoretical material, is important. It is a critical tool that hel ps us to understand how discourse shapes the way people act or think, not only in the case of situated instances of rhetorical discourse but also in much broader terms. Such study leads to a fuller understanding of how discourse, and particularly persuasive discourse, is able to move an audience.As human beings, as citizens, as teachers and scholars, we use language all the time to modify and influence events in the world around us. Equally, other people use language to influence our thoughts and behavior. It is important for us, as educated people, to know as much as we can about how this influence is affected. Such knowledge is useful not only for its practical benefits, but because it forms a critical and analytical foundation for approaching many of the tasks that face us daily as we construct and respond to the discourse that shapes our experience of the world (George A. Kennedy, 1999).From the time of the ancient Greeks until present, rhetoric has been used effectively in work s of writing and in speeches. Plato, Aristotle, and Quintilian have illustrated the use and tactics of rhetoric wonderfully. Though in the ancient Greeks time rhetoric was meant to be used only to persuade something transparent or seek something truthful, it now it is used heavily by politicians. Although its purpose has somewhat changed over the years, its function has stayed the same.ReferencesAnthony Pratkanis and Elliot Aronson In Age of Propaganda The Everyday Use and maltreatment of Persuasion New York Freeman, 1992.George A. Kennedy Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times The University of North Carolina Press, February 1999.Mark Robson The Sense of Early Modern Writing Rhetoric, Poetics, Aesthetics, Manchester University Press, July 2007.Laura R. Micciche Doing Emotion Rhetoric, Writing, Teaching, Boynton/Cook publisher, August 2007.Edward P.J Corbett Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, New York Oxford University Press , August 1998.

Community Service As Punishment Under The Ipc Criminology Essay

company servicing As Punishment Under The Ipc Criminology rise partnership gain constitute an apologetic reparation that the person is now required to make to the partnership what he has wronged. The Indian punishable Code was the enacted in 1860 by virtue of the classic sanctioned draftsmanship of Lord Macaulay. If at that place would acquit been a concept of alliance redevelopment prevalent at that beat then the authors are sure that there would down been no engage to urge the inclusion of the same in the Indian Penal Code. But since this forcing out by Macaulay is because of no fault of his it is our duty to incorporate such to spiel the demands of the time and to make the IPC a living social document. Section 53 of the IPC2provides for the versatile types of punishments. But these are old and do not meet the exigencies of the present day globalised world. The authors yearn for inclusion of community aid as a personal manner of punishment. Indian draftsmen have not overlooked the necessity of such a restorative mode in recent enactments. We find the inclusion of community divine returns in The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 20003(Section 154).Community service is defined as an order that requires an offender (who must(prenominal) consent and be antiquated at least 16) to perform unpaid work for between 40 and 240 hours below the supervision of a probation officer. Formerly known as aCommunity Service Order. It can also be defined asAcommunityorderwhich requires theoffenderto do unpaid work in the community under the supervision of aprobation officer.5Moreover the work that the offender is required to undertake has some obvious relation to the nature of offence.6History of community serviceThe introductory organized community service program meant trunkatically to be used in place of short prison sentences were established in ad-hoc tail end in California in the 1960s. . Thus community service was indirect al ternative to imprisonment.7In the United Kingdom, Parliament enacted legislation in the early mid-seventies giving the courts specific powers to order community service as a sentencing sanction.8In the early 1980s afterward a series of private vaporize projects the Dutch implemented community service nationwide and evaluators made comparable findings.9It was Lenin10who also stressed on the importance of community service.11Benefits of Community ServiceCommunity service serves the goals of punishment, reparation, restitution and even rehabilitation. It is beneficial to the offenders12, the community13, the victim14and even to the courts.15So community service has both the social and the cognitive benefits. It also serves as an alternative to imprisonment (India has 32 pris geniusrs per 1000 of population. We have 11094.25 lakhs pris unmatchedrs in India as on 31 December 2005)16which is morally reprehensible and indefensible17. Moreover Prisons have proved ineffective in their obj ect of reforming the criminals. Research indicates that about half of all prison inmates are likely to be rearrested and returned to prison, many soon after their release from an institution.18Contamination is the gist of prison life. Prisons are dens of criminality. The unsophisticated offender is compelled to associate with the hardened professional criminals and thereby he learns not only the techniques of committing the discourtesy but also the specific drives, rationalisation and attitudes of crime.19The Community Service Program is intended to add some refinement by requiring the offender to put tail end into society through performing a job for the community.20Not only do offenders need to be addressed as active participants rather than as passive recipient of punishment or treatment, but they also need to be positively motivated to engage in the process of change to lawful lives. Performing work for the community, as well as requiring offenders to pay back to the society helped them realize that they had contribution to make to the society.21Developments in IndiaMacaulay may have not envisaged the need of community service as it was not prevalent at that time. But it first dawned upon India in the 42nd floor22of the honor Commission.23 and then an Amendment board24was introduced in the Parliament25which was passed in the Rajya Sabha but due to the proclamation of emergency it could not be passed in the Lok Sabha and it lapsed. Again the Law Commission in its 156th radical26urged the need to implement community service in Indian Penal system.27Even the Malimath Committee and others28recommended community service as mode of punishment.29Community Service Scheme has also been started in one state i.e. Gujarat and it is an alternate for offences under the Bombay Prohibition Act. Another state i.e. Andhra Pradesh (Prison is a state subject)30has also amended the Penal Code and introduced Community Service as a punishment. This legislation is now pend ing with the Union Government for their concurrence.31Cases and pronouncementsWe have instances where the court has ordered the offender to do community service in lieu of the offence that he has committed. The Delhi High greet asked two businessmen to perform community service with a volunteer organisation for a year as punishment for firing three shots at their friend for fun. Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul, while quashing a first information report (FIR) against the two businessmen Monday, asked Delhi Police not to return their gun for a year.32For sexually harassing a woman on the bus the magistrate asked the offender to write a 25-page essay on eve-teasing and harassment. He was asked to make 500 copies of the essay and distribute them outside schools and colleges.33In probably a first, the Patna High Court has given doubtful bail to two accused in a mobile phone loot case on the condition that they would have to do community service at a local temple thrice a week for six month s.34The Indian Supreme Court though not having argued (even in their obiters) to have community service as a mode of punishment has nevertheless hinted at the importance and need for such type of restorative sanction. in one of the case the court said-A few other weighty factors deserve reference. All deprivation of liberty is validated by social defense and mortal correction along an anti-criminal pedagogy, public justice is central to the whole scheme of bail law. Fleeing justice must be forbidden but punitive moroseness should be minimized. Restorative devices to redeem the man, even through community service, meditative drill, study classes or other resources should be innovated.35The unacceptable anomalyCommunity service was not incorporated in the IPC. The reason fascinates and confuses me. The neo democratic style of non-inclusion is too hard to swallow. The Law Commission of India circulated a letter highlighting the master(prenominal) matters involved in the Penal Code for eliciting views from various quarters.36The letter was sent to Registrars of High Courts, the Home Secretary of the State Governments Union Territories, the President of Supreme Court Bar Association and High Courts Bar Association, National Commission for Human Rights, National Commission for Minorities, National Commission for SC ST, National Womens Commission, State Law Commissions, Police Officers, Advocates, Academicians and some social organisations, Institutions etc.Responses were received from three State Governments, Seven Judges and one Additional Registrar of High Courts, Two Advocates, six-spot Police Officers, One State Law Commission, One Academician and Two organisations (Nirantar and Federation Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry).37Now the recommendation that came out was that the proposed fragment 74 should not and cannot be implemented in India. The report laid-This section contemplates a supervisory authority to see whether the convict is working an d rendering service for the number of hours specified and if he fails to do so by way of default, he has to be sentenced thereafter. We think an open air prison system is remediate suited from the point of view of the correctional measures rather than the proposed punishment of community service.The community service no doubt is another innovation in the direction of correctional methods but as voiced in many workshops it may not be practicable to give an effect to and also may not amount to punishment.The most horrifying aspect of the entire thing is that merely on the views of some of the judges, advocated, academicians, police officers and organizations an innovative and pulsating need of the criminal justice system was not implemented. The authors are unable to find a rational nexus with the reasons given for such non inclusion.Reforms SuggestedWhat the authors want is that is not the inclusion of community service as a form of punishment but the authors want the successful and effective implementation of community service as a form of punishment under the code prepared by the legal acumen of Macaulay.That is the reason we do not recommend to amend the IPC and include community service as a sixth form of punishment immediately as was once tried by the 1976 bill.38It would not be an inclusion as we nowadays find the Indian legislators just amend and insert new provisions39in the enactments without looking at its suitability and implemantability.40The authors intimate an area approach (AA) in the inclusion of community service as a mode of punishment. Firstly few selected areas must be selected which have the resources and concentration of specific crimes occurring in specific areas.Firstly, the Union must select few states and urge them to implement community service programs in few select areas. These areas must be selected by the state themselves with the concurrence of the Union. The areas should be selected on the basis of criterias such as prevalence of petty offences, resources available41etc as decided by the state governments.The authors only intend to suggest that first implementation issues must be dealt with as per the acumen and foresight of the legislature and the executive. Then only we can dream of such a form of sanction. This was one precise lacuna in the 1976 Amendment bill.Beside this lacuna the authors find no other major loophole and feel that the proposed amendment was to a very large extent acceptable. But we suggest that in all the cases where the judge convicts the accused and imposes fine as the only punishment community service should be made compulsory.The other recommendations are as follows-It is recommended that in order to address such problem and increase efficiency, special community service officers be appointed and trained to handle offenders on community service.A lot of publicity should be given to this schemes initiation so that even the grass roots and the have-nots of the society are aware of such a change. The spread of the scheme must not be confined to the legal fraternity and experts. It must not remain a burning topic for the scholars and the academicians to turn over and write scholarly articles and researches. The modes of publicity as newspapers, media and the government. The entire implementation and the process and the procedure of the community service scheme must be available in almost all the recognized languages of India so that the local masses are aware of it. It must be simple and clearly worded.The cooperation of various stakeholders such as the civil servants, the judiciary, the policy-makers and all other relevant stakeholders within the criminal justice system is vital for the process of implementation of the programme as well as for its ongoing sustainability.The implementation of such programme should be seen as the responsibility of every Indian, and endeavor should be made to help it succeed as a new intervention to replace imprisonment.ABSTRAC TThe Indian Penal Code was the enacted in 1860 by virtue of the classic legal draftsmanship of Lord Macaulay. If there would have been a concept of community service prevalent at that time then the authors are sure that there would have been no need to urge the inclusion of the same in the Indian Penal Code. But since this exclusion by Macaulay is because of no fault of his it is our duty to incorporate such to meet the demands of the time and to make the IPC a living social document.The research paper tries to incorporate the needs and the benefits of community service in India. It would then delve upon the legal development of inclusion of community service as mode of punishment. It would be done by scrutinizing the reports of the law commissions, judicial pronouncements and the lapsed bills which urged such a reform.Then authors would suggest concluding the problems in the inclusion and implementation of community service in India and how to overcome these difficulties so that IP C meets the social needs and critics find one issue sorted in criticizing the IPC and its efficacy.

Intimate Encounter Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

Intimate EncounterI needed a weekend away from the all too humdrum existence of casual living. I decided that a good diversion might be to hike the Appalachian Trail for a weekend. After class on Friday, I ran to my car so that I could begin this wonderful divergence from daily life. The place lot at Carvers Gap, my destination, finally came into view as I drove up US 19E. Across the road, a short wooden fence separated me from my wonderful weekend of adventure. From the second I reached the parking lot, I realized that this hike, a commodious way to escape from reality for a weekend, awaited me upon the trail I saw dwindling in the distance. receivable to my college freshman regimen of a bad diet and no exercise, the first bald I climbed winded me. At the summit of this little hill, however, a great vista gently caressed my eyes, as the natural beauty of Tennessee flowed over me. Verdant hills broiled before me, bubbling away into the distance to pop upon the backs of monstrous mo untains. The agreeable aroma of the few vibrant flowers on the flat plateau, and the intoxicating sensation of the breeze pawing at my hair, made the scene picturesque and serene. After gaping in awe for several minute, I turned my back from one beautiful landscape only to find my self at another. The harsh winds of the balds blew around me as I came upon the testaments of the winds power. The tree line appeared as a mass of gnarled, knotted, dead looking trees, the guardians of the forest. The harsh winds had over the years, deformed the trees here at the barrier mingled with the lush forests and the vast plateau behind me. The path wound through the gnarled guardians and the true beauty of my hike soon greeted me. The lush, vibrant fall colourise on th... ... as my hike the day before had. The secluded intimacy of the forest stunned my sense and made me feel as if I were aside of a land no man had before seen. As I passed the guardians of the forest, those gnarled, knotted, cr ooked trees overlooking the balds, I bid them farewell and a thank you also, for protect the secluded interior forest from the harsh winds of the balds. My car squatted in the parking lot like a bug on a blackened, cooled, lava flow. I fear going back to my normal life after enjoying a weekend of such freedom and pleasure. Duties and obligations began to flitter though my mind as I at once again began to think like an insect in a hive. I looked back over my shoulder, fondly remembering the freedom the wonderful weekend blithesome me with, and vowed that I would once again return to experience the pleasure and seclusion that lay hidden therein.

The Cuban Revolution and the Triumph of Women in Cuba Essay examples --

Fidel Castro and the M-26-7 successfully seized power of Cubas government in 1959, after years of fighting. The M-26-7s flag-waving(a) movement was able to knock the corrupt leader, Fulgencio Batista, out of power, and in 1961 Castro deemed the alteration to be officially of a Marxist nature. Throughout his 40-year stay as president, Castro has non allowed his revolution to stall, but rather he has allowed it to progress and adapt as he has seen fit. In relation with Castros revolution in Cuba has been another revolution, that of the Cuban women. Castro himself described the changes in womens public and private lives as a revolution within a revolution. In a true system of rules of equality, as in the one Castro h honest-to-goodnesss as his ideal, equality reaches all people across all lines whether they are lines of race, class, or gender.Throughout Castros campaign, starting in 1953 with the failed Moncada attack, Castro has used historic referenciality to appeal to the Cuban p opulation. Castros most often mentioned historical figure is no other than the national hero, Jos securities industry. While Marts view on women is suspect to debate, his opinion on equality is very clear. Mart once said, Respect for the freedom and ideas of others, of even the most distressing being, is my fanaticism. When I die, or if I am killed, it will be because of that. The crux of this prophetic quote was borrowed by Castro on a broader level when he attain power and based his entire social structure on equality.Women in pre-revolutionary CubaGender differences were enormous in Cuba before the Cuban revolution. The prototypical woman of the old republic according to a leading journalist of the revolution, Mirta Rodrguez Caldern, was Yina the prostitute. A poor wo... ...reignty against the colonizers who exterminated the auctoctonous population, of the interventionists who sought to take up our Island, of the dictators and governments in power under the ignominious servi tude of transnational mandates impoverishing the country. Resolute and brave women patriots engaged in every necessary period of the war for national liberation. When the people took power, women identified the starting revolution, as their take Revolution, which immediately established education and medical care services free for all without distinction, the land and urban reforms, measures of greatly popular benefits made it clear what the revolution intended to do, and therefore they embraced at once, participating intensively in all construction and defense works of the new society that opened its doors with all the rights and opportunities they neer had before.

Adolescents and Sleep-Deprivation: Should High School Classes Start La

Seventeen-year-old Jilly Dos Santos (a student of Rock Bridge High School) struggled all morning to be at school for 750 a.m. Rushing to put on makeup, skipping breakfast, and being tardy was common for Jilly. I will turn overI will drop out of school claimed Jilly when she found out that the school board was considering moving the start of the school day 30 transactions earlier (Hoffman 2). Jilly became a sleep activist because she knew that, biologically, adolescents go to bed and wake up later. Mary Carskadon, considered to be an expert on sleep and circadian rhythms of adolescents, claims that adolescents should suck up about 9 hours of sleep a night (Onyper). Many students suffer from sleep-deprivation due to alterations in the peak times of melatonin production, a hormone directly voluminous in sleepiness, and personal schedules, which affects the body in various ways (Nathan). For example, sleep-deprivation lowers levels of leptin, which is the main hormone involved in the regulation of appetite, thus increasing the chance of pig out (Spiegel). It also increases the chances of depression and affects the levels of cortisol, a toxic hormone induced by stress (Bergland). I believe that classes for 13-21 year-olds should start later because it would result in adolescents sleeping more, performing better in school, and reduce health risks. Based on evidence that adolescents need more sleep, psychologists are starting to believe that schools start in like manner early. Let us say that a school starts classes at 730a.m. Students would fuck off to wake up around 6 in order to defend the time necessary to get dressed, eat breakfast, and make it to school by 730. In order for adolescents to get at least 9 hours of sleep, they would have to go to ... ...014Hoffman, Jan. To Keep Teenagers Alert, Schools Let Them quiet In. New York Times. 13 Mar 2014 n.p. Web. 28 Mar. 2014.Nathan, Nila, and Jamie Zeitzer. A Survey Study Of The Association Between Mobil e send for Use And Daytime Sleepiness In California High School Students. BMC Public Health 13.1 (2013) 1-5. donnish Search Complete. Web. 25 Feb. 2014.Oynper, Serge. Class Start Times, Sleep, and Academic Performance in College A Path Analysis. Chronobiology International. 15.1 (2012) 318-324. EBSCO. Web. 4th Feb. 2014.Pejovic, Slobodanka, et al. Leptin And Hunger Levels In Young Healthy Adults After One Night Of Sleep Loss. Journal Of Sleep Research 19.4 (2010) 552-558. Academic Search Complete. Web. 14 Apr. 2014.Spiegel, Karine. The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Hormones and Metabolism. Medscape.org. n.p. August 2005. Web. 13 April 2014.

John Keats Fear That He Might Cease to Be Essay -- John Keats, poetry

During his last years, Keats ponders about what it would mean to die. He translates this into fears of what he hasnt yet accomplished and would manage to have time to do. This aspect of time is emphasised with the use of the word when at the start of the first three quatrains which is also used in Shakespearian Sonnets. The heading, When I have fears that I may cease to be demonstrates Keats belief, or rather, lack of belief in the idea of an afterlife. In the first quatrain of the poem Keats describes his full-bodied imagination, yearning to have gleand my teeming brain before it is too late, the image of abundance is instilled with the words high- piled and rich. The paradox of a field of shred is used to depict Keats brain being harvested of the knowledge into poems of his own creation. In this stanza, Keats reveals his want for fame through his works and his fears of being unable to fulfil this in his time. In the second stanza Keats demonstrates his use of nature in poetry. He describes the nights starrd face which could refer to Keats contemplating the beauty...

College Essay :: essays research papers

As I thought of this article, many of the issues I have faced as a individual(a) Hmong woman in her mid-twenties came to mind. Should I discuss the functional reasons why marriage is so important in the Hmong culture, especially for women? Or do I talk about the lack of eligible, older Hmong men? Better yet, should I complain about the attempts by my relatives to find me a good husband as if it were an unfortunate circumstance that I was champion instead of a conscious plectrum? Thinking it over, though, I decided that all those questions boiled down to one and only(a) fundamental truth the Hmong community is still trying to learn how to treat the increasing number of Hmong women who, like me, are making the choice to stay single in their mid-twenties.Today, single Hmong women in their mid-twenties are living on their own, sometimes in different cities, earning their own income, and making decisions independent of both their parents and clans. However, in a community where marr iage defines the moment an individual becomes an adult, these successes still have not allowed them to be treated or perceived as adults by the family and clan. Further more(prenominal), in a culture where a womans role continues to be defined by the dominant male in her life either her pay off or her husband the independence of Hmong women in their mid-twenties has led to a displacement of traditional roles. My sister coined the term Christmas Tree Age when someone told her that in order to be able to find a good husband, a Hmong woman needed to be no older than twenty-five eld old. retributory like a Christmas Tree which is discarded after the 25th of December, the Hmong community seems to disregard women older than twenty-five as in-eligible marriage material. At twenty-five years of age, Ive attained many of the goals I set for myself as a young girl, starting a successful career in Corporate America, gaining monetary freedom and traveling the globe. Yet, to many of my rel atives, it seems my life is still lacking the most critical ingredient a husband. While in college, my single status seemed more acceptable. However, as I have continued to focus on my career instead of a husband and as I have reached the magic twenty-five, the choice to remain single has become an increasing concern for my family.